Release version 2.3.0

pkgmgr push --no-sign skips the re-sign rebase and the unsigned-range
refusal, so a checkout without a usable signing key can still sync the
fetch URL and every mirror pushurl. Leases and the git cherry guard
still apply. push_branch takes sign as a required keyword; pkgmgr
release and release --retry pass sign=True, so releases stay signed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.github/workflows/publish-containers.yml

@@ -6,13 +6,17 @@ on:
     types: [completed]
 
 jobs:
-  publish:
+  prepare:
     if: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success' }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     permissions:
       contents: read
-      packages: write
+
+    outputs:
+      should_publish: ${{ steps.info.outputs.should_publish }}
+      version: ${{ steps.info.outputs.version }}
+      is_stable: ${{ steps.info.outputs.is_stable }}
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository (with tags)
@@ -36,24 +40,87 @@ jobs:
         if: steps.branch-check.outputs.is_on_main == 'true'
         run: bash scripts/github/publish-containers/compute-publish-container-info.sh
 
+  build:
+    needs: prepare
+    if: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.should_publish == 'true' }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.target.runner }}
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: write
+
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        distro: &distros [arch, debian, ubuntu, fedora, centos]
+        target:
+          - platform: linux/amd64
+            runner: ubuntu-latest
+          - platform: linux/arm64
+            runner: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout workflow_run commit
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha }}
+
       - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        if: ${{ steps.info.outputs.should_publish == 'true' }}
         uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@594f3bf4285d9ea8dc53c9a0c9c4092420091003
         with:
           use: true
 
       - name: Login to GHCR
-        if: ${{ steps.info.outputs.should_publish == 'true' }}
         uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f
         with:
           registry: ghcr.io
           username: ${{ github.actor }}
           password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
-      - name: Publish all images
-        if: ${{ steps.info.outputs.should_publish == 'true' }}
+      - name: Build and push ${{ matrix.distro }} for ${{ matrix.target.platform }}
         env:
           OWNER: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
-          VERSION: ${{ steps.info.outputs.version }}
-          IS_STABLE: ${{ steps.info.outputs.is_stable }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
+          PKGMGR_DISTRO: ${{ matrix.distro }}
+          PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.target.platform }}
         run: bash scripts/github/publish-containers/publish-container-images.sh
+
+  merge:
+    needs: [prepare, build]
+    if: ${{ !cancelled() && needs.prepare.outputs.should_publish == 'true' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      packages: write
+
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        distro: *distros
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout workflow_run commit
+        uses: actions/checkout@v7
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha }}
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@594f3bf4285d9ea8dc53c9a0c9c4092420091003
+        with:
+          use: true
+
+      - name: Login to GHCR
+        uses: docker/login-action@dbcb813823bdd20940b903addbd779551569679f
+        with:
+          registry: ghcr.io
+          username: ${{ github.actor }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Join both platforms of ${{ matrix.distro }} under the release tags
+        env:
+          OWNER: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.version }}
+          IS_STABLE: ${{ needs.prepare.outputs.is_stable }}
+          PKGMGR_DISTRO: ${{ matrix.distro }}
+        run: bash scripts/github/publish-containers/merge-container-images.sh

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,5 +1,70 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## [2.3.0] - 2026-11-01
+
+Added:
+
+- Branch: *gc --merged-into REF* treats items merged into REF as merged
+- Branch: *--merged-into* is repeatable, protects REF and works for *purge*
+- Branch: *--sizes* adds each worktree's disk usage to the plan
+- Branch: *--min-age HOURS* skips items with a commit or index that recent
+
+## [2.2.0] - 2026-11-01
+
+Added:
+
+- Push: *--no-sign* pushes unsigned commits as they are; leases still apply
+- Push: *--rewrite* replaces commits a remote already has (amend, squash)
+
+Changed:
+
+- Push: *pkgmgr push* signs every unpushed unsigned commit before pushing
+- Push: each pushurl gets its own lease; mirrors no longer fail as stale
+- Push: a commit that exists only on a mirror stops the push, nothing lost
+- Push: without a selection it pushes the current checkout or worktree
+- Release: signs before tagging and pushes branch and tag like *pkgmgr push*
+
+Fixed:
+
+- Container: images build on native amd64 and arm64 runners, not QEMU
+
+Upgrade notes:
+
+- Push: needs a working signing key; pass *--no-sign* to push unsigned
+- Container: no 2.1.0 or 2.1.1 image reached GHCR; notes below carry over
+- Release: a version file ahead of the newest tag now raises the next version
+- Branch: *gc --apply* and *purge* refuse to run inside a PID sandbox
+
+## [2.1.1] - 2026-10-31
+
+Fixed:
+
+- Release: tool-only or dynamic-version pyproject.toml is skipped, no crash
+
+Upgrade notes:
+
+- Container: no 2.1.0 image reached GHCR; the two notes below carry over
+- Release: a version file ahead of the newest tag now raises the next version
+- Branch: *gc --apply* and *purge* refuse to run inside a PID sandbox
+
+## [2.1.0] - 2026-10-31
+
+Added:
+
+- Branch: *pkgmgr branch gc* removes merged clean branches, worktrees, stacks
+- Branch: *gc* only prints its plan; *--apply* acts, *--json* for scripts
+- Branch: *pkgmgr branch purge* deletes unmerged or dirty items after y/N
+- Release: Cargo.toml version and its Cargo.lock entry follow the release
+
+Changed:
+
+- Release: starts from the highest version in the tag and all version files
+
+Upgrade notes:
+
+- Release: a version file ahead of the newest tag now raises the next version
+- Branch: *gc --apply* and *purge* refuse to run inside a PID sandbox
+
 ## [2.0.5] - 2026-10-29
 
 Fixed:

flake.nix

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
         rec {
           pkgmgr = pyPkgs.buildPythonApplication {
             pname   = "package-manager";
-            version = "2.0.5";
+            version = "2.3.0";
 
             # Use the git repo as source
             src = ./.;

packaging/arch/PKGBUILD

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Maintainer: Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <info@veen.world>
 
 pkgname=package-manager
-pkgver=2.0.5
+pkgver=2.3.0
 pkgrel=1
 pkgdesc="Local-flake wrapper for Kevin's package-manager (Nix-based)."
 arch=('any')

packaging/debian/changelog

@@ -1,3 +1,76 @@
+package-manager (2.3.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  Added:
+
+  - Branch: *gc --merged-into REF* treats items merged into REF as merged
+  - Branch: *--merged-into* is repeatable, protects REF and works for *purge*
+  - Branch: *--sizes* adds each worktree's disk usage to the plan
+  - Branch: *--min-age HOURS* skips items with a commit or index that recent
+
+ -- Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <kevin@veen.world>  Sun, 01 Nov 2026 15:14:53 +0100
+
+package-manager (2.2.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  Added:
+
+  - Push: *--no-sign* pushes unsigned commits as they are; leases still apply
+  - Push: *--rewrite* replaces commits a remote already has (amend, squash)
+
+  Changed:
+
+  - Push: *pkgmgr push* signs every unpushed unsigned commit before pushing
+  - Push: each pushurl gets its own lease; mirrors no longer fail as stale
+  - Push: a commit that exists only on a mirror stops the push, nothing lost
+  - Push: without a selection it pushes the current checkout or worktree
+  - Release: signs before tagging and pushes branch and tag like *pkgmgr push*
+
+  Fixed:
+
+  - Container: images build on native amd64 and arm64 runners, not QEMU
+
+  Upgrade notes:
+
+  - Push: needs a working signing key; pass *--no-sign* to push unsigned
+  - Container: no 2.1.0 or 2.1.1 image reached GHCR; notes below carry over
+  - Release: a version file ahead of the newest tag now raises the next version
+  - Branch: *gc --apply* and *purge* refuse to run inside a PID sandbox
+
+ -- Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <kevin@veen.world>  Sun, 01 Nov 2026 01:55:29 +0100
+
+package-manager (2.1.1-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  Fixed:
+
+  - Release: tool-only or dynamic-version pyproject.toml is skipped, no crash
+
+  Upgrade notes:
+
+  - Container: no 2.1.0 image reached GHCR; the two notes below carry over
+  - Release: a version file ahead of the newest tag now raises the next version
+  - Branch: *gc --apply* and *purge* refuse to run inside a PID sandbox
+
+ -- Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <kevin@veen.world>  Sat, 31 Oct 2026 18:47:35 +0100
+
+package-manager (2.1.0-1) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  Added:
+
+  - Branch: *pkgmgr branch gc* removes merged clean branches, worktrees, stacks
+  - Branch: *gc* only prints its plan; *--apply* acts, *--json* for scripts
+  - Branch: *pkgmgr branch purge* deletes unmerged or dirty items after y/N
+  - Release: Cargo.toml version and its Cargo.lock entry follow the release
+
+  Changed:
+
+  - Release: starts from the highest version in the tag and all version files
+
+  Upgrade notes:
+
+  - Release: a version file ahead of the newest tag now raises the next version
+  - Branch: *gc --apply* and *purge* refuse to run inside a PID sandbox
+
+ -- Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <kevin@veen.world>  Sat, 31 Oct 2026 14:38:54 +0100
+
 package-manager (2.0.5-1) unstable; urgency=medium
 
   Fixed:

packaging/fedora/package-manager.spec

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Name:           package-manager
-Version:        2.0.5
+Version:        2.3.0
 Release:        1%{?dist}
 Summary:        Wrapper that runs Kevin's package-manager via Nix flake
 
@@ -74,6 +74,67 @@ echo ">>> package-manager removed. Nix itself was not removed."
 /usr/lib/package-manager/
 
 %changelog
+* Sun Nov 01 2026 Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <kevin@veen.world> - 2.3.0-1
+- Added:
+
+- - Branch: *gc --merged-into REF* treats items merged into REF as merged
+- - Branch: *--merged-into* is repeatable, protects REF and works for *purge*
+- - Branch: *--sizes* adds each worktree's disk usage to the plan
+- - Branch: *--min-age HOURS* skips items with a commit or index that recent
+
+* Sun Nov 01 2026 Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <kevin@veen.world> - 2.2.0-1
+- Added:
+
+- - Push: *--no-sign* pushes unsigned commits as they are; leases still apply
+- - Push: *--rewrite* replaces commits a remote already has (amend, squash)
+
+- Changed:
+
+- - Push: *pkgmgr push* signs every unpushed unsigned commit before pushing
+- - Push: each pushurl gets its own lease; mirrors no longer fail as stale
+- - Push: a commit that exists only on a mirror stops the push, nothing lost
+- - Push: without a selection it pushes the current checkout or worktree
+- - Release: signs before tagging and pushes branch and tag like *pkgmgr push*
+
+- Fixed:
+
+- - Container: images build on native amd64 and arm64 runners, not QEMU
+
+- Upgrade notes:
+
+- - Push: needs a working signing key; pass *--no-sign* to push unsigned
+- - Container: no 2.1.0 or 2.1.1 image reached GHCR; notes below carry over
+- - Release: a version file ahead of the newest tag now raises the next version
+- - Branch: *gc --apply* and *purge* refuse to run inside a PID sandbox
+
+* Sat Oct 31 2026 Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <kevin@veen.world> - 2.1.1-1
+- Fixed:
+
+- - Release: tool-only or dynamic-version pyproject.toml is skipped, no crash
+
+- Upgrade notes:
+
+- - Container: no 2.1.0 image reached GHCR; the two notes below carry over
+- - Release: a version file ahead of the newest tag now raises the next version
+- - Branch: *gc --apply* and *purge* refuse to run inside a PID sandbox
+
+* Sat Oct 31 2026 Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <kevin@veen.world> - 2.1.0-1
+- Added:
+
+- - Branch: *pkgmgr branch gc* removes merged clean branches, worktrees, stacks
+- - Branch: *gc* only prints its plan; *--apply* acts, *--json* for scripts
+- - Branch: *pkgmgr branch purge* deletes unmerged or dirty items after y/N
+- - Release: Cargo.toml version and its Cargo.lock entry follow the release
+
+- Changed:
+
+- - Release: starts from the highest version in the tag and all version files
+
+- Upgrade notes:
+
+- - Release: a version file ahead of the newest tag now raises the next version
+- - Branch: *gc --apply* and *purge* refuse to run inside a PID sandbox
+
 * Thu Oct 29 2026 Kevin Veen-Birkenbach <kevin@veen.world> - 2.0.5-1
 - Fixed:
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "kpmx"
-version = "2.0.5"
+version = "2.3.0"
 description = "Kevin's package-manager tool (pkgmgr)"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.9"

scripts/build/image.sh

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ OWNER=""             # e.g. github org/user
 REPO_PREFIX="pkgmgr" # image base name (pkgmgr)
 VERSION=""           # X.Y.Z (required for --publish)
 IS_STABLE="false"    # "true" -> publish stable tags
+PLATFORM=""          # e.g. linux/arm64 -> build and push only this platform
+MERGE=0              # if 1 -> join the per-platform tags of --version under the publish tags
 DEFAULT_DISTRO="arch"
 
 usage() {
@@ -39,9 +41,12 @@ Publish options:
   --repo-prefix <name>  Image base name (default: pkgmgr)
   --version <X.Y.Z>     Version for --publish
   --stable <true|false> Whether to publish :stable tags (default: false)
+  --platform <os/arch>  Build and push only this platform; with --publish as <version>-<arch>
+  --merge               Join the <version>-<arch> tags of all platforms under the publish tags
 
 Notes:
 - --publish implies --push and requires --registry, --owner, and --version.
+- --platform requires --push; --merge requires --publish and builds nothing.
 - Local build (no --push) uses "docker build" and creates a local image like "pkgmgr-arch".
 EOF
 }
@@ -82,6 +87,12 @@ while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
       [[ -n "${IS_STABLE}" ]] || { echo "ERROR: --stable requires a value (true|false)"; exit 2; }
       shift 2
       ;;
+    --platform)
+      PLATFORM="${2:-}"
+      [[ -n "${PLATFORM}" ]] || { echo "ERROR: --platform requires a value"; exit 2; }
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --merge) MERGE=1; shift ;;
     -h|--help) usage; exit 0 ;;
     *)
       echo "ERROR: Unknown argument: $1" >&2
@@ -117,6 +128,19 @@ if [[ "${PUBLISH}" == "1" ]]; then
   [[ -n "${VERSION}" ]]  || { echo "ERROR: --publish requires --version"; exit 2; }
 fi
 
+if [[ -n "${PLATFORM}" ]]; then
+  [[ "${PUSH}" == "1" ]] || { echo "ERROR: --platform requires --push or --publish"; exit 2; }
+  [[ ",$(resolve_platforms "$PKGMGR_DISTRO")," == *",${PLATFORM},"* ]] \
+    || { echo "ERROR: ${PKGMGR_DISTRO} offers no platform ${PLATFORM}"; exit 2; }
+fi
+
+if [[ "${MERGE}" == "1" ]]; then
+  [[ "${PUBLISH}" == "1" ]] || { echo "ERROR: --merge requires --publish"; exit 2; }
+  [[ -z "${PLATFORM}" ]]    || { echo "ERROR: --merge and --platform exclude each other"; exit 2; }
+fi
+
+DISTRO_TAG_BASE="${REGISTRY}/${OWNER}/${REPO_PREFIX}-${PKGMGR_DISTRO}"
+
 # Guard: --push without --publish requires fully-qualified --tag
 if [[ "${PUSH}" == "1" && "${PUBLISH}" != "1" ]]; then
   if [[ "${IMAGE_TAG}" != */* ]]; then
@@ -130,7 +154,7 @@ echo "------------------------------------------------------------"
 echo "[build] Building image"
 echo "distro     = ${PKGMGR_DISTRO}"
 echo "BASE_IMAGE = ${BASE_IMAGE}"
-echo "platforms = $(resolve_platforms "$PKGMGR_DISTRO")"
+echo "platforms = ${PLATFORM:-$(resolve_platforms "$PKGMGR_DISTRO")}"
 if [[ "${NO_CACHE}" == "1" ]]; then echo "cache     = disabled"; fi
 if [[ "${PUSH}" == "1" ]]; then echo "push      = enabled"; fi
 if [[ "${PUBLISH}" == "1" ]]; then
@@ -150,7 +174,7 @@ if [[ "${NO_CACHE}" == "1" ]]; then
 fi
 
 compute_publish_tags() {
-  local distro_tag_base="${REGISTRY}/${OWNER}/${REPO_PREFIX}-${PKGMGR_DISTRO}"
+  local distro_tag_base="${DISTRO_TAG_BASE}"
   local alias_tag_base=""
 
   if [[ "${PKGMGR_DISTRO}" == "${DEFAULT_DISTRO}" ]]; then
@@ -176,10 +200,26 @@ compute_publish_tags() {
   printf '%s\n' "${tags[@]}"
 }
 
-if [[ "${PUSH}" == "1" ]]; then
+if [[ "${MERGE}" == "1" ]]; then
+  merge_args=(docker buildx imagetools create)
+  while IFS= read -r t; do
+    merge_args+=(-t "$t")
+  done < <(compute_publish_tags)
+
+  IFS=',' read -ra platforms <<< "$(resolve_platforms "$PKGMGR_DISTRO")"
+  for p in "${platforms[@]}"; do
+    merge_args+=("${DISTRO_TAG_BASE}:${VERSION}-${p#*/}")
+  done
+
+  echo "[build] Running: ${merge_args[*]}"
+  "${merge_args[@]}"
+  docker buildx imagetools inspect "${DISTRO_TAG_BASE}:${VERSION}"
+elif [[ "${PUSH}" == "1" ]]; then
   bx_args=(docker buildx build --push)
 
-  if [[ "${PUBLISH}" == "1" ]]; then
+  if [[ "${PUBLISH}" == "1" && -n "${PLATFORM}" ]]; then
+    bx_args+=(-t "${DISTRO_TAG_BASE}:${VERSION}-${PLATFORM#*/}")
+  elif [[ "${PUBLISH}" == "1" ]]; then
     while IFS= read -r t; do
       bx_args+=(-t "$t")
     done < <(compute_publish_tags)
@@ -187,7 +227,7 @@ if [[ "${PUSH}" == "1" ]]; then
     bx_args+=(-t "${IMAGE_TAG}")
   fi
 
-  bx_args+=(--platform "$(resolve_platforms "$PKGMGR_DISTRO")")
+  bx_args+=(--platform "${PLATFORM:-$(resolve_platforms "$PKGMGR_DISTRO")}")
   bx_args+=("${build_args[@]}")
   bx_args+=(.)
 

scripts/build/publish.sh

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ set -euo pipefail
 
 SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")" && pwd)"
 
+# shellcheck source=./scripts/build/base.sh
+source "${SCRIPT_DIR}/base.sh"
+
 REGISTRY="${REGISTRY:-ghcr.io}"
 IS_STABLE="${IS_STABLE:-false}"
 DISTROS="${DISTROS:-arch debian ubuntu fedora centos}"
@@ -33,12 +36,23 @@ for d in ${DISTROS}; do
   echo "[publish] PKGMGR_DISTRO=${d}"
   echo "============================================================"
 
+  IFS=',' read -ra platforms <<< "$(resolve_platforms "${d}")"
+  for p in "${platforms[@]}"; do
+    PKGMGR_DISTRO="${d}" bash "${SCRIPT_DIR}/image.sh" \
+      --publish \
+      --registry "${REGISTRY}" \
+      --owner "${OWNER}" \
+      --version "${VERSION}" \
+      --platform "${p}"
+  done
+
   PKGMGR_DISTRO="${d}" bash "${SCRIPT_DIR}/image.sh" \
     --publish \
     --registry "${REGISTRY}" \
     --owner "${OWNER}" \
     --version "${VERSION}" \
-    --stable "${IS_STABLE}"
+    --stable "${IS_STABLE}" \
+    --merge
 done
 
 echo

scripts/github/publish-containers/merge-container-images.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+: "${OWNER:?OWNER must be set}"
+: "${VERSION:?VERSION must be set}"
+: "${IS_STABLE:?IS_STABLE must be set}"
+: "${PKGMGR_DISTRO:?PKGMGR_DISTRO must be set}"
+
+bash scripts/build/image.sh \
+  --publish \
+  --registry ghcr.io \
+  --owner "${OWNER}" \
+  --version "${VERSION}" \
+  --stable "${IS_STABLE}" \
+  --merge

scripts/github/publish-containers/publish-container-images.sh

@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@ set -euo pipefail
 
 : "${OWNER:?OWNER must be set}"
 : "${VERSION:?VERSION must be set}"
-: "${IS_STABLE:?IS_STABLE must be set}"
+: "${PKGMGR_DISTRO:?PKGMGR_DISTRO must be set}"
+: "${PLATFORM:?PLATFORM must be set}"
 
-bash scripts/build/publish.sh
+bash scripts/build/image.sh \
+  --publish \
+  --registry ghcr.io \
+  --owner "${OWNER}" \
+  --version "${VERSION}" \
+  --platform "${PLATFORM}"

src/pkgmgr/actions/branch/__init__.py

@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@ Public API for branch actions.
 
 from .close_branch import close_branch
 from .drop_branch import drop_branch
+from .gc import branch_gc, branch_purge
 from .open_branch import open_branch
 
 __all__ = [
+    "branch_gc",
+    "branch_purge",
     "close_branch",
     "drop_branch",
     "open_branch",

src/pkgmgr/actions/branch/gc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,839 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
+
+from pkgmgr.core.git.commands import delete_local_branch
+from pkgmgr.core.git.errors import GitRunError
+from pkgmgr.core.git.queries import list_remotes, resolve_base_branch
+from pkgmgr.core.git.run import run
+
+from .gc_forge import ForgeFacts, fetch_forge_facts
+
+# PROC_PID_INIT_INO: only the initial PID namespace sees every process of the host.
+INIT_PID_NAMESPACE = "pid:[4026531836]"
+CLEANUP_IMAGE = "alpine:3.20"
+COMPOSE_PROJECT = "com.docker.compose.project"
+COMPOSE_WORKING_DIR = "com.docker.compose.project.working_dir"
+LOCK_PID = re.compile(r"\bpid (\d+)")
+ALWAYS_PROTECTED = ("main", "master")
+LABELS = {
+    "merged-clean": "DELETE",
+    "unmerged": "KEEP",
+    "dirty": "KEEP",
+    "protected": "PROTECT",
+    "stale": "STALE",
+}
+REFUSAL = (
+    "Refusing: not in the host PID namespace (e.g. a sandbox), so running "
+    "processes and worktree locks cannot be verified. Run it on the host."
+)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Worktree:
+    path: str
+    head: str | None
+    branch: str | None
+    locked: str | None
+    prunable: bool
+    main: bool
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Container:
+    project: str
+    working_dir: str
+    image: str
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Item:
+    branch: str | None
+    worktree: str | None = None
+    local_sha: str | None = None
+    remotes: dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    compose_projects: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    images: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    state: str = ""
+    merged_by: str | None = None
+    merged_into: str | None = None
+    size_bytes: int | None = None
+    skip: str | None = None
+    actions: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    reason: str = ""
+    result: str | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def eligible(self) -> bool:
+        return self.state == "merged-clean" and self.skip is None and bool(self.actions)
+
+    def matches(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        return name == self.branch or (
+            self.worktree is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.worktree
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Repo:
+    repo: str
+    default: str
+    remotes: list[str]
+    protected: set[str]
+    first_parent: set[str]
+    forge: ForgeFacts
+    containers: list[Container] | None
+    host_ns: bool
+    lines: dict[str, tuple[str, set[str]]]
+    sizes: bool
+    min_age: float | None
+    warnings: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    items: list[Item] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+
+def host_pid_namespace() -> bool:
+    try:
+        return os.readlink("/proc/self/ns/pid") == INIT_PID_NAMESPACE
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+
+
+def main_repo_root(cwd: str) -> str:
+    return os.path.dirname(_common_dir(cwd))
+
+
+def _common_dir(cwd: str) -> str:
+    return run(["rev-parse", "--path-format=absolute", "--git-common-dir"], cwd=cwd)
+
+
+def _docker(args: list[str]) -> str:
+    return subprocess.run(
+        ["docker", *args], check=True, capture_output=True, text=True
+    ).stdout
+
+
+def _describe(exc: Exception) -> str:
+    if isinstance(exc, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+        return f"{' '.join(exc.cmd)}: {(exc.stderr or '').strip()}"
+    return str(exc).strip().splitlines()[0]
+
+
+def list_compose_containers() -> list[Container] | None:
+    fmt = (
+        f'{{{{.Label "{COMPOSE_PROJECT}"}}}}\t'
+        f'{{{{.Label "{COMPOSE_WORKING_DIR}"}}}}\t{{{{.Image}}}}'
+    )
+    try:
+        out = _docker(
+            ["ps", "-a", "--filter", f"label={COMPOSE_WORKING_DIR}", "--format", fmt]
+        )
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        return []
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        return None
+    return [
+        Container(*line.split("\t"))
+        for line in out.splitlines()
+        if line.count("\t") == 2
+    ]
+
+
+def _inside(path: str, root: str) -> bool:
+    return path == root or path.startswith(root.rstrip("/") + "/")
+
+
+def _worktrees(repo_root: str) -> list[Worktree]:
+    trees: list[Worktree] = []
+    for block in run(["worktree", "list", "--porcelain"], cwd=repo_root).split("\n\n"):
+        fields: dict[str, str] = {}
+        for line in block.splitlines():
+            key, _, value = line.partition(" ")
+            fields[key] = value
+        if "worktree" not in fields:
+            continue
+        branch = fields.get("branch")
+        trees.append(
+            Worktree(
+                path=fields["worktree"],
+                head=fields.get("HEAD"),
+                branch=branch.removeprefix("refs/heads/") if branch else None,
+                locked=fields.get("locked"),
+                prunable="prunable" in fields,
+                main=not trees,
+            )
+        )
+    return trees
+
+
+def _refs(
+    repo_root: str, remotes: list[str]
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], dict[str, dict[str, str]]]:
+    out = run(
+        [
+            "for-each-ref",
+            "--format=%(refname) %(objectname)",
+            "refs/heads",
+            "refs/remotes",
+        ],
+        cwd=repo_root,
+    )
+    by_length = sorted(remotes, key=len, reverse=True)
+    local: dict[str, str] = {}
+    remote: dict[str, dict[str, str]] = {}
+    for line in out.splitlines():
+        ref, sha = line.split(" ")
+        if ref.startswith("refs/heads/"):
+            local[ref.removeprefix("refs/heads/")] = sha
+            continue
+        rest = ref.removeprefix("refs/remotes/")
+        owner = next((r for r in by_length if rest.startswith(r + "/")), None)
+        if owner and rest[len(owner) + 1 :] != "HEAD":
+            remote.setdefault(rest[len(owner) + 1 :], {})[owner] = sha
+    return local, remote
+
+
+def _process_cwds() -> dict[int, str]:
+    cwds: dict[int, str] = {}
+    for entry in os.listdir("/proc"):
+        if entry.isdigit() and int(entry) != os.getpid():
+            try:
+                cwds[int(entry)] = os.readlink(f"/proc/{entry}/cwd")
+            except OSError:
+                continue
+    return cwds
+
+
+def _comm(pid: int) -> str:
+    try:
+        with open(f"/proc/{pid}/comm", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+            return fh.read().strip()
+    except OSError:
+        return "?"
+
+
+def _lock_skip(reason: str | None, host_ns: bool) -> str | None:
+    if reason is None:
+        return None
+    match = LOCK_PID.search(reason)
+    if not match:
+        return f"lock: {reason or 'without reason'}"
+    if not host_ns:
+        return "lock: liveness unknown"
+    pid = int(match.group(1))
+    return f"lock: pid {pid} alive" if os.path.exists(f"/proc/{pid}") else None
+
+
+def _is_ancestor(sha: str, ref: str, repo_root: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        run(["merge-base", "--is-ancestor", sha, ref], cwd=repo_root)
+    except GitRunError as exc:
+        if exc.returncode == 1:
+            return False
+        raise
+    return True
+
+
+def _in_line(repo: Repo, sha: str) -> str | None:
+    for line, (tip, first_parent) in repo.lines.items():
+        if sha == tip:
+            continue
+        if sha in first_parent or _is_ancestor(sha, line, repo.repo):
+            return line
+    return None
+
+
+def _merged_by(repo: Repo, sha: str) -> str | None:
+    if sha not in repo.first_parent and _is_ancestor(sha, repo.default, repo.repo):
+        return "ancestor"
+    number = repo.forge.merged_heads.get(sha)
+    if number:
+        return f"pr#{number}"
+    line = _in_line(repo, sha)
+    return f"line:{line}" if line else None
+
+
+def _du_bytes(path: str) -> int | None:
+    out = subprocess.run(
+        ["du", "-sk", path], check=False, capture_output=True, text=True
+    ).stdout.split()
+    return int(out[0]) * 1024 if out and out[0].isdigit() else None
+
+
+def _age_hours(repo: Repo, shas: list[str], tree: Worktree | None) -> float:
+    stamps = [
+        int(run(["log", "-1", "--format=%ct", sha], cwd=repo.repo)) for sha in shas
+    ]
+    if tree and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(tree.path, ".git")):
+        with open(os.path.join(tree.path, ".git"), encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+            index = os.path.join(fh.read().strip().removeprefix("gitdir: "), "index")
+        if os.path.isfile(index):
+            stamps.append(int(os.path.getmtime(index)))
+    return (time.time() - max(stamps)) / 3600
+
+
+def _human(size: int) -> str:
+    value = float(size)
+    for unit in ("K", "M", "G"):
+        value /= 1024
+        if value < 1024:
+            return f"{value:.1f}{unit}"
+    return f"{value / 1024:.1f}T"
+
+
+def _skip(
+    repo: Repo,
+    item: Item,
+    tree: Worktree | None,
+    checkout: bool,
+    cwds: dict[int, str],
+) -> str | None:
+    number = repo.forge.open_heads.get(item.branch) if item.branch else None
+    if number:
+        return f"open-pr #{number}"
+    if repo.forge.unavailable:
+        return "forge unavailable"
+    if tree is None:
+        return None
+    if tree.main:
+        return "checked out in main worktree"
+    if not checkout:
+        return "worktree checkout missing"
+    if repo.containers is None:
+        return "docker unavailable"
+    lock = _lock_skip(tree.locked, repo.host_ns)
+    if lock:
+        return lock
+    busy = sorted(pid for pid, cwd in cwds.items() if _inside(cwd, tree.path))
+    if busy:
+        return f"process: pid {busy[0]} ({_comm(busy[0])})"
+    return None
+
+
+def _build(
+    repo: Repo,
+    branch: str | None,
+    tree: Worktree | None,
+    snapshot: tuple[dict[str, str], dict[str, dict[str, str]], dict[int, str]],
+) -> Item:
+    local, remote, cwds = snapshot
+    item = Item(
+        branch=branch,
+        worktree=tree.path if tree else None,
+        local_sha=local.get(branch) if branch else None,
+        remotes=dict(remote.get(branch, {})) if branch else {},
+    )
+    if branch in repo.protected:
+        item.state, item.reason = "protected", "default or protected branch"
+        return item
+
+    if tree and repo.containers:
+        mine = [c for c in repo.containers if _inside(c.working_dir, tree.path)]
+        item.compose_projects = sorted({c.project for c in mine})
+        item.images = sorted({c.image for c in mine})
+
+    shas = [item.local_sha, *item.remotes.values(), tree.head if tree else None]
+    verdicts = {sha: _merged_by(repo, sha) for sha in dict.fromkeys(shas) if sha}
+    unmerged = [sha for sha, verdict in verdicts.items() if verdict is None]
+    checkout = tree is not None and not tree.prunable and os.path.isdir(tree.path)
+
+    try:
+        dirty = (
+            len(
+                run(
+                    ["status", "--porcelain", "--untracked-files=all"], cwd=tree.path
+                ).splitlines()
+            )
+            if checkout and not tree.main
+            else 0
+        )
+    except GitRunError as exc:
+        item.state, item.reason = "dirty", f"status failed: {_describe(exc)}"
+        dirty = -1
+
+    if dirty > 0:
+        item.state, item.reason = "dirty", f"dirty: {dirty} paths"
+    elif dirty == 0 and unmerged:
+        ahead = int(
+            run(
+                ["rev-list", "--count", f"{repo.default}..{unmerged[0]}"], cwd=repo.repo
+            )
+        )
+        item.state = "unmerged"
+        item.reason = (
+            f"unmerged: {ahead} commits not in {repo.default}"
+            if ahead
+            else "no own commits"
+        )
+    elif dirty == 0:
+        item.state = "merged-clean"
+        item.merged_by = next(
+            (verdict for verdict in verdicts.values() if verdict != "ancestor"),
+            "ancestor",
+        )
+        item.merged_into = (
+            item.merged_by.removeprefix("line:")
+            if item.merged_by.startswith("line:")
+            else repo.default
+        )
+        item.reason = f"merged by {item.merged_by}"
+
+    if repo.sizes and checkout and not tree.main:
+        item.size_bytes = _du_bytes(tree.path)
+    item.skip = _skip(repo, item, tree, checkout, cwds)
+    if item.skip is None and repo.min_age is not None and verdicts:
+        age = _age_hours(repo, list(verdicts), tree if checkout else None)
+        if age < repo.min_age:
+            item.skip = f"younger than {repo.min_age:g} h"
+    for project in item.compose_projects:
+        item.actions += [f"compose-down:{project}", f"images:{project}"]
+    if tree:
+        item.actions.append("worktree")
+    if item.local_sha:
+        item.actions.append("local-branch")
+    item.actions += [f"remote-branch:{name}" for name in item.remotes]
+    return item
+
+
+def _snapshot(
+    repo: Repo,
+) -> tuple[
+    list[Worktree], tuple[dict[str, str], dict[str, dict[str, str]], dict[int, str]]
+]:
+    local, remote = _refs(repo.repo, repo.remotes)
+    cwds = _process_cwds() if repo.host_ns else {}
+    return _worktrees(repo.repo), (local, remote, cwds)
+
+
+def _items(repo: Repo) -> list[Item]:
+    trees, snapshot = _snapshot(repo)
+    local, remote, _ = snapshot
+    by_branch = {t.branch: t for t in trees if t.branch}
+    names = sorted(set(local) | set(remote) | set(by_branch))
+    items = [_build(repo, name, by_branch.get(name), snapshot) for name in names]
+    items += [
+        _build(repo, None, tree, snapshot)
+        for tree in trees
+        if tree.branch is None and not tree.main
+    ]
+    return items + _stale(repo.repo)
+
+
+def _stale(repo_root: str) -> list[Item]:
+    base = os.path.join(_common_dir(repo_root), "worktrees")
+    items: list[Item] = []
+    for entry in sorted(os.listdir(base)) if os.path.isdir(base) else []:
+        meta = os.path.join(base, entry)
+        gitdir = os.path.join(meta, "gitdir")
+        if not os.path.isfile(gitdir) or os.path.getsize(gitdir) == 0:
+            reason = "metadata without gitdir, not pruned"
+        else:
+            with open(gitdir, encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+                target = fh.read().strip()
+            if os.path.exists(target):
+                continue
+            reason = f"checkout {os.path.dirname(target)} missing, not pruned"
+        items.append(Item(branch=None, worktree=meta, state="stale", reason=reason))
+    return items
+
+
+def _lines(
+    repo_root: str, refs: list[str], remotes: list[str], warnings: list[str]
+) -> tuple[dict[str, tuple[str, set[str]]], set[str]]:
+    lines: dict[str, tuple[str, set[str]]] = {}
+    names: set[str] = set()
+    for ref in refs:
+        try:
+            tip = run(
+                ["rev-parse", "--verify", "--quiet", f"{ref}^{{commit}}"], cwd=repo_root
+            )
+        except GitRunError:
+            warnings.append(f"merged-into ref {ref} not found")
+            continue
+        first_parent = set(
+            run(["rev-list", "--first-parent", ref], cwd=repo_root).splitlines()
+        )
+        lines[ref] = (tip, first_parent)
+        owner = next((r for r in remotes if ref.startswith(r + "/")), None)
+        names.add(ref[len(owner) + 1 :] if owner else ref)
+    return lines, names
+
+
+def plan_repo(
+    repo_root: str,
+    containers: list[Container] | None,
+    host_ns: bool,
+    *,
+    merged_into: list[str],
+    sizes: bool,
+    min_age: float | None,
+) -> Repo:
+    """
+    Scan one repository and classify every branch and worktree.
+
+    Args:
+        repo_root: main worktree root of the repository.
+        containers: compose containers on the host; None when docker is unavailable.
+        host_ns: whether this process runs in the host PID namespace.
+        merged_into: integration lines (refs) that also count as merged; each is protected.
+        sizes: measure each worktree's disk usage into size_bytes.
+        min_age: skip items whose newest commit or worktree index is younger (hours).
+
+    Returns:
+        The repository with its classified items.
+    """
+    warnings: list[str] = []
+    try:
+        # Auto-maintenance runs worktree-prune, which deletes the metadata of
+        # sandboxed worktrees whose gitdir stub is missing.
+        run(
+            ["fetch", "--all", "--prune", "--quiet", "--no-auto-maintenance"],
+            cwd=repo_root,
+        )
+    except GitRunError as exc:
+        warnings.append(f"fetch failed: {_describe(exc)}")
+    if containers is None:
+        warnings.append("docker unavailable: worktree items are skipped")
+
+    remotes = sorted(list_remotes(cwd=repo_root), key=lambda r: (r != "origin", r))
+    heads: dict[str, str] = {}
+    for remote in remotes:
+        try:
+            heads[remote] = run(
+                ["symbolic-ref", "--short", f"refs/remotes/{remote}/HEAD"],
+                cwd=repo_root,
+            )
+        except GitRunError:
+            continue
+    default = next(iter(heads.values()), None) or resolve_base_branch(
+        "main", "master", cwd=repo_root
+    )
+    head_names = {ref[len(remote) + 1 :] for remote, ref in heads.items()}
+
+    forge = fetch_forge_facts(
+        {r: run(["remote", "get-url", r], cwd=repo_root) for r in remotes}
+    )
+    if forge.unavailable:
+        warnings.append(f"forge unavailable: {forge.unavailable}")
+    lines, line_names = _lines(repo_root, merged_into, remotes, warnings)
+
+    repo = Repo(
+        repo=repo_root,
+        default=default,
+        remotes=remotes,
+        protected={
+            default,
+            *ALWAYS_PROTECTED,
+            *head_names,
+            *forge.protected,
+            *line_names,
+        },
+        first_parent=set(
+            run(["rev-list", "--first-parent", default], cwd=repo_root).splitlines()
+        ),
+        forge=forge,
+        containers=containers,
+        host_ns=host_ns,
+        lines=lines,
+        sizes=sizes,
+        min_age=min_age,
+        warnings=warnings,
+    )
+    repo.items = _items(repo)
+    return repo
+
+
+def _foreign_owned(path: str) -> bool:
+    uid = os.getuid()
+    if os.lstat(path).st_uid != uid:
+        return True
+    for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+        for name in (*dirs, *files):
+            if os.lstat(os.path.join(root, name)).st_uid != uid:
+                return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _remove_worktree(repo_root: str, path: str) -> None:
+    with open(os.path.join(path, ".git"), encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+        meta = os.path.normpath(
+            os.path.join(path, fh.read().strip().removeprefix("gitdir: "))
+        )
+    if os.path.dirname(meta) != os.path.join(_common_dir(repo_root), "worktrees"):
+        raise RuntimeError(f"unexpected worktree metadata path {meta}")
+
+    if _foreign_owned(path):
+        parent, name = os.path.split(path.rstrip("/"))
+        _docker(
+            [
+                "run",
+                "--rm",
+                "-v",
+                f"{parent}:/w",
+                CLEANUP_IMAGE,
+                "rm",
+                "-rf",
+                f"/w/{name}",
+            ]
+        )
+    else:
+        shutil.rmtree(path)
+    if os.path.lexists(path):
+        raise RuntimeError(f"worktree {path} still exists; metadata {meta} kept")
+    shutil.rmtree(meta)
+
+
+def _rebuild(repo: Repo, item: Item) -> Item:
+    trees, snapshot = _snapshot(repo)
+    tree = next(
+        (
+            t
+            for t in trees
+            if (t.branch == item.branch if item.branch else t.path == item.worktree)
+        ),
+        None,
+    )
+    return _build(repo, item.branch, tree, snapshot)
+
+
+def _fingerprint(item: Item) -> tuple:
+    return (
+        item.state,
+        item.skip,
+        item.local_sha,
+        item.remotes,
+        item.worktree,
+        item.compose_projects,
+    )
+
+
+def execute(repo: Repo, item: Item) -> None:
+    fresh = _rebuild(repo, item)
+    if _fingerprint(fresh) != _fingerprint(item):
+        item.result = f"skipped: changed since plan ({fresh.skip or fresh.reason})"
+        return
+
+    notes: list[str] = []
+    try:
+        for project in item.compose_projects:
+            _docker(["compose", "-p", project, "down", "-v", "--remove-orphans"])
+        for image in item.images:
+            try:
+                _docker(["image", "rm", image])
+            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+                notes.append(f"image kept: {image}")
+        if item.worktree:
+            _remove_worktree(repo.repo, item.worktree)
+        if item.local_sha:
+            delete_local_branch(item.branch, cwd=repo.repo, force=True)
+        for remote, sha in item.remotes.items():
+            run(
+                [
+                    "push",
+                    f"--force-with-lease=refs/heads/{item.branch}:{sha}",
+                    remote,
+                    f":refs/heads/{item.branch}",
+                ],
+                cwd=repo.repo,
+            )
+    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, RuntimeError, OSError) as exc:
+        item.result = f"failed: {_describe(exc)}"
+        return
+    item.result = "; ".join(["done", *notes])
+
+
+def _line(item: Item) -> str:
+    label = "SKIP" if item.state == "merged-clean" and item.skip else LABELS[item.state]
+    parts = [item.reason]
+    if item.skip and item.state != "protected":
+        parts.append(item.skip)
+    if item.worktree and item.state != "stale":
+        parts.append(f"worktree {item.worktree}")
+    if item.size_bytes is not None:
+        parts.append(f"size {_human(item.size_bytes)}")
+    if item.compose_projects:
+        parts.append("stack " + ", ".join(item.compose_projects))
+    if item.remotes:
+        parts.append("remotes " + ", ".join(item.remotes))
+    line = f"{label:<8} {item.branch or item.worktree}  {'; '.join(parts)}"
+    return f"{line}  -> {item.result}" if item.result else line
+
+
+def _render(
+    repos: list[Repo], host_ns: bool, chosen: Callable[[Item], bool], as_json: bool
+) -> None:
+    if as_json:
+        print(
+            json.dumps(
+                {
+                    "host_pid_namespace": host_ns,
+                    "repos": [
+                        {
+                            "repo": repo.repo,
+                            "default": repo.default,
+                            "merged_into": list(repo.lines),
+                            "warnings": repo.warnings,
+                            "items": [asdict(i) for i in repo.items if chosen(i)],
+                        }
+                        for repo in repos
+                    ],
+                },
+                indent=2,
+            )
+        )
+        return
+    for repo in repos:
+        print(f"== {repo.repo} (default {repo.default})")
+        for warning in repo.warnings:
+            print(f"WARN     {warning}")
+        for item in repo.items:
+            if chosen(item):
+                print(_line(item))
+    if not host_ns:
+        print(
+            "WARN     process and lock checks unavailable: "
+            "not in the host PID namespace"
+        )
+
+
+def _prepare(
+    repo_roots: list[str],
+    include: list[str],
+    exclude: list[str],
+    options: dict,
+) -> tuple[list[Repo], bool, Callable[[Item], bool]] | None:
+    host_ns = host_pid_namespace()
+    containers = list_compose_containers()
+    repos = [plan_repo(root, containers, host_ns, **options) for root in repo_roots]
+    unknown = [
+        name
+        for name in include
+        if not any(item.matches(name) for repo in repos for item in repo.items)
+    ]
+    if unknown:
+        print(f"Unknown --branch: {', '.join(unknown)}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return None
+
+    def chosen(item: Item) -> bool:
+        return (not include or any(item.matches(n) for n in include)) and not any(
+            item.matches(n) for n in exclude
+        )
+
+    return repos, host_ns, chosen
+
+
+def _finish(repos: list[Repo]) -> int:
+    results = [item.result for repo in repos for item in repo.items if item.result]
+    if any(result.startswith("done") for result in results) and any(
+        repo.containers is not None for repo in repos
+    ):
+        for args in (["image", "prune", "-f"], ["builder", "prune", "-f"]):
+            try:
+                _docker(args)
+            except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError) as exc:
+                print(f"WARN     {_describe(exc)}", file=sys.stderr)
+    return 1 if any(result.startswith("failed") for result in results) else 0
+
+
+def branch_gc(
+    repo_roots: list[str],
+    *,
+    apply: bool,
+    as_json: bool,
+    include: list[str],
+    exclude: list[str],
+    merged_into: list[str],
+    sizes: bool,
+    min_age: float | None,
+) -> int:
+    """
+    Plan, and with apply=True execute, the cleanup of merged and clean branches.
+
+    Args:
+        repo_roots: main worktree roots of the repositories to scan.
+        apply: execute the plan instead of only printing it.
+        as_json: print the plan as JSON instead of text lines.
+        include: only items whose branch or worktree path matches one of these.
+        exclude: drop items whose branch or worktree path matches one of these.
+        merged_into: integration lines (refs) that also count as merged.
+        sizes: measure each worktree's disk usage into the plan.
+        min_age: skip items younger than this many hours.
+
+    Returns:
+        0 on success, 1 when an applied item failed, 2 when refused.
+    """
+    if apply and not host_pid_namespace():
+        print(REFUSAL, file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+    options = {"merged_into": merged_into, "sizes": sizes, "min_age": min_age}
+    prepared = _prepare(repo_roots, include, exclude, options)
+    if prepared is None:
+        return 2
+    repos, host_ns, chosen = prepared
+
+    if apply:
+        for repo in repos:
+            for item in repo.items:
+                if item.eligible and chosen(item):
+                    execute(repo, item)
+                    print(
+                        f"[gc] {item.branch or item.worktree}: {item.result}",
+                        file=sys.stderr,
+                    )
+    _render(repos, host_ns, chosen, as_json)
+    return _finish(repos) if apply else 0
+
+
+def branch_purge(
+    repo_roots: list[str],
+    *,
+    include: list[str],
+    exclude: list[str],
+    merged_into: list[str],
+    sizes: bool,
+    min_age: float | None,
+) -> int:
+    """
+    Delete unmerged or dirty items after a y/N confirmation per item.
+
+    Args:
+        repo_roots: main worktree roots of the repositories to scan.
+        include: only items whose branch or worktree path matches one of these.
+        exclude: drop items whose branch or worktree path matches one of these.
+        merged_into: integration lines (refs) that also count as merged.
+        sizes: measure each worktree's disk usage into the prompt line.
+        min_age: skip items younger than this many hours.
+
+    Returns:
+        0 on success, 1 when a confirmed item failed, 2 when refused.
+    """
+    if not host_pid_namespace():
+        print(REFUSAL, file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+    options = {"merged_into": merged_into, "sizes": sizes, "min_age": min_age}
+    prepared = _prepare(repo_roots, include, exclude, options)
+    if prepared is None:
+        return 2
+    repos, _, chosen = prepared
+
+    for repo in repos:
+        for item in repo.items:
+            if item.state not in ("unmerged", "dirty") or item.skip or not chosen(item):
+                continue
+            print(_line(item))
+            print(f"  removes: {', '.join(item.actions)}")
+            try:
+                answer = input("Delete this item? This is destructive! (y/N): ")
+            except EOFError:
+                answer = ""
+            if answer.strip().lower() != "y":
+                continue
+            execute(repo, item)
+            print(f"  -> {item.result}")
+    return _finish(repos)

src/pkgmgr/actions/branch/gc_forge.py

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+from pkgmgr.actions.mirror.url_utils import parse_repo_from_git_url
+from pkgmgr.core.credentials.resolver import ResolutionOptions, TokenResolver
+from pkgmgr.core.credentials.types import CredentialError
+from pkgmgr.core.remote_provisioning.http.client import HttpClient
+from pkgmgr.core.remote_provisioning.http.errors import HttpError
+
+GITHUB_HOST = "github.com"
+GITHUB_API = "https://api.github.com"
+PAGE_SIZE = 100
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ForgeFacts:
+    """
+    Pull-request and protection facts of every GitHub remote of one repository.
+
+    Attributes:
+        merged_heads: head SHA of a merged PR -> PR number.
+        open_heads: head branch name of an open PR -> PR number.
+        protected: branch names protected on any of the remotes.
+        unavailable: why the facts could not be fetched, or None.
+    """
+
+    merged_heads: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    open_heads: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    protected: set[str] = field(default_factory=set)
+    unavailable: str | None = None
+
+
+def github_slugs(remote_urls: dict[str, str]) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+    slugs: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+    for url in remote_urls.values():
+        host, owner, name = parse_repo_from_git_url(url)
+        if (
+            host.lower() == GITHUB_HOST
+            and owner
+            and name
+            and (owner, name) not in slugs
+        ):
+            slugs.append((owner, name))
+    return slugs
+
+
+def _pages(http: HttpClient, headers: dict[str, str], url: str) -> list[dict]:
+    items: list[dict] = []
+    page = 1
+    while True:
+        resp = http.request_json(
+            "GET", f"{url}&per_page={PAGE_SIZE}&page={page}", headers=headers
+        )
+        batch = json.loads(resp.text or "[]")
+        items.extend(batch)
+        if len(batch) < PAGE_SIZE:
+            return items
+        page += 1
+
+
+def fetch_forge_facts(remote_urls: dict[str, str]) -> ForgeFacts:
+    facts = ForgeFacts()
+    slugs = github_slugs(remote_urls)
+    if not slugs:
+        return facts
+
+    try:
+        token = (
+            TokenResolver()
+            .get_token(
+                "github",
+                GITHUB_HOST,
+                options=ResolutionOptions(interactive=False, allow_prompt=False),
+            )
+            .token
+        )
+    except CredentialError as exc:
+        facts.unavailable = f"no GitHub token ({exc})"
+        return facts
+
+    http = HttpClient(timeout_s=30)
+    headers = {
+        "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+        "Accept": "application/vnd.github+json",
+        "User-Agent": "pkgmgr",
+    }
+    for owner, name in slugs:
+        base = f"{GITHUB_API}/repos/{owner}/{name}"
+        try:
+            for pr in _pages(http, headers, f"{base}/pulls?state=all"):
+                if pr["merged_at"]:
+                    facts.merged_heads[pr["head"]["sha"]] = pr["number"]
+                elif pr["state"] == "open":
+                    facts.open_heads[pr["head"]["ref"]] = pr["number"]
+            for branch in _pages(http, headers, f"{base}/branches?protected=true"):
+                facts.protected.add(branch["name"])
+        except (HttpError, ValueError, KeyError, TypeError) as exc:
+            facts.unavailable = f"GitHub API failed for {owner}/{name}: {exc}"
+            return facts
+    return facts

src/pkgmgr/actions/release/files/__init__.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Keep this package stable so existing imports continue to work, e.g.:
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from .cargo import update_cargo_version
 from .changelog_md import update_changelog
 from .debian import _get_debian_author, update_debian_changelog
 from .editor import _open_editor_for_changelog
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ from .rpm_spec import update_spec_version
 __all__ = [
     "_get_debian_author",
     "_open_editor_for_changelog",
+    "update_cargo_version",
     "update_changelog",
     "update_debian_changelog",
     "update_flake_version",

src/pkgmgr/actions/release/files/cargo.py

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import re
+
+
+def _read(path: str) -> str:
+    with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        return f.read()
+
+
+def _write(path: str, content: str) -> None:
+    with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        f.write(content)
+
+
+def update_cargo_version(
+    repo_root: str, new_version: str, preview: bool = False
+) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    Set the root crate's version in Cargo.toml and its entry in Cargo.lock.
+
+    Args:
+        repo_root: repository root that may hold Cargo.toml and Cargo.lock.
+        new_version: release version without the leading "v".
+        preview: only print what would change.
+
+    Returns:
+        The paths that were (or in preview would be) changed.
+    """
+    toml_path = os.path.join(repo_root, "Cargo.toml")
+    if not os.path.exists(toml_path):
+        print("[INFO] No Cargo.toml found. Skipping Cargo version update.")
+        return []
+
+    toml = _read(toml_path)
+    block = re.search(r"(?ms)^\[package\]\s*$.*?(?=^\s*\[|\Z)", toml)
+    if not block:
+        print("[INFO] Cargo.toml has no [package] section. Skipping.")
+        return []
+
+    name = re.search(r'(?m)^\s*name\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"', block.group(0))
+    if not name:
+        raise RuntimeError("Missing name key in [package] section of Cargo.toml")
+    new_block, count = re.subn(
+        r'(?m)^(\s*version\s*=\s*")[^"]+(")',
+        lambda m: f"{m.group(1)}{new_version}{m.group(2)}",
+        block.group(0),
+        count=1,
+    )
+    if count == 0:
+        raise RuntimeError("Missing version key in [package] section of Cargo.toml")
+    changes = {toml_path: toml[: block.start()] + new_block + toml[block.end() :]}
+
+    lock_path = os.path.join(repo_root, "Cargo.lock")
+    if os.path.exists(lock_path):
+        lock, count = re.subn(
+            rf'(?m)^(\[\[package\]\]\nname = "{re.escape(name.group(1))}"\n'
+            r'version = ")[^"]+("\n)(?!source = )',
+            lambda m: f"{m.group(1)}{new_version}{m.group(2)}",
+            _read(lock_path),
+        )
+        if count != 1:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Expected one local {name.group(1)!r} package in Cargo.lock, "
+                f"found {count}"
+            )
+        changes[lock_path] = lock
+
+    for path, content in changes.items():
+        if preview:
+            print(f"[PREVIEW] Would update {path} version to {new_version}")
+        else:
+            _write(path, content)
+            print(f"Updated {path} version to {new_version}")
+    return list(changes)

src/pkgmgr/actions/release/files/pyproject.py

@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import os
 import re
 
+try:
+    import tomllib
+except ImportError:
+    import tomli as tomllib  # type: ignore
+
 
 def update_pyproject_version(
     pyproject_path: str, new_version: str, preview: bool = False
@@ -18,6 +23,11 @@ def update_pyproject_version(
         print(f"[WARN] Could not read pyproject.toml: {exc}")
         return
 
+    project = tomllib.loads(content).get("project")
+    if project is None or "version" in project.get("dynamic", []):
+        print("[INFO] pyproject.toml declares no static version, skipping.")
+        return
+
     m = re.search(r"(?ms)^\s*\[project\]\s*$.*?(?=^\s*\[|\Z)", content)
     if not m:
         raise RuntimeError("Missing [project] section in pyproject.toml")

src/pkgmgr/actions/release/retry.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ the side effects downstream are incomplete.
 `retry_release` re-runs the idempotent tail of that flow so a botched
 release can be re-pushed without touching code or recreating tags:
 
-  * `git push origin <branch> <tag>` for the existing HEAD tag
+  * push the branch and the existing HEAD tag through `pkgmgr push`'s leases
   * re-align the floating `latest` tag if HEAD tag is the highest
 
 Publishing (PyPI etc.) stays the caller's responsibility — the publish
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import os
 
 from pkgmgr.actions.publish.git_tags import head_semver_tags
-from pkgmgr.core.git import GitRunError, run
+from pkgmgr.actions.repository.push import push_branch
+from pkgmgr.core.git import GitRunError
 from pkgmgr.core.git.queries import get_current_branch
 from pkgmgr.core.version.semver import SemVer
 
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ def retry_release(
     tag = max(tags, key=SemVer.parse)
     print(f"Re-pushing existing tag: {tag}")
 
-    run(["push", "origin", branch, tag], preview=preview)
+    push_branch(".", [], sign=True, refs=(tag,), preview=preview)
 
     try:
         if is_highest_version_tag(tag):

src/pkgmgr/actions/release/versioning.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ Version discovery and bumping helpers for the release workflow.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import re
+
 from pkgmgr.core.git.queries import get_tags
 from pkgmgr.core.version.semver import (
     SemVer,
@@ -12,26 +14,60 @@ from pkgmgr.core.version.semver import (
     bump_patch,
     find_latest_version,
 )
+from pkgmgr.core.version.source import (
+    read_cargo_version,
+    read_changelog_version,
+    read_debian_changelog_version,
+    read_flake_version,
+    read_pkgbuild_version,
+    read_pyproject_version,
+    read_spec_version,
+)
+
+FILE_SOURCES = {
+    "pyproject.toml": read_pyproject_version,
+    "CHANGELOG.md": read_changelog_version,
+    "flake.nix": read_flake_version,
+    "PKGBUILD": read_pkgbuild_version,
+    "RPM spec": read_spec_version,
+    "debian/changelog": read_debian_changelog_version,
+    "Cargo.toml": read_cargo_version,
+}
+_CORE_VERSION = re.compile(r"^v?(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)")
 
 
-def determine_current_version() -> SemVer:
+def _file_versions(repo_dir: str) -> dict[str, SemVer]:
+    versions: dict[str, SemVer] = {}
+    for source, read in FILE_SOURCES.items():
+        match = _CORE_VERSION.match(read(repo_dir) or "")
+        if match:
+            versions[source] = SemVer.parse(match.group(1))
+    return versions
+
+
+def determine_current_version(repo_dir: str) -> SemVer:
     """
-    Determine the current semantic version from Git tags.
+    Determine the highest version across the latest SemVer tag and every
+    version file the release writes.
 
-    Behaviour:
-      - If there are no tags or no SemVer-compatible tags, return 0.0.0.
-      - Otherwise, use the latest SemVer tag as current version.
+    Args:
+        repo_dir: repository root holding the version files.
+
+    Returns:
+        The highest version found, or 0.0.0 when no source has one.
     """
-    tags = get_tags()
-    if not tags:
+    versions = _file_versions(repo_dir)
+    latest = find_latest_version(get_tags() or [])
+    if latest is not None:
+        versions["tag"] = latest[1]
+    if not versions:
         return SemVer(0, 0, 0)
 
-    latest = find_latest_version(tags)
-    if latest is None:
-        return SemVer(0, 0, 0)
-
-    _tag, ver = latest
-    return ver
+    highest = max(versions.values())
+    if len(set(versions.values())) > 1:
+        found = ", ".join(f"{source} {ver}" for source, ver in versions.items())
+        print(f"[INFO] Version sources disagree ({found}); starting from {highest}.")
+    return highest
 
 
 def bump_semver(current: SemVer, release_type: str) -> SemVer:

src/pkgmgr/actions/release/workflow.py

@@ -4,12 +4,14 @@ import os
 import sys
 
 from pkgmgr.actions.branch import close_branch
-from pkgmgr.core.git import GitRunError, run
+from pkgmgr.actions.repository.push import push_branch, sign_unpushed
+from pkgmgr.core.git import GitRunError
 from pkgmgr.core.git.commands import add, commit, tag_annotated
 from pkgmgr.core.git.queries import get_current_branch
 from pkgmgr.core.repository.paths import resolve_repo_paths
 
 from .files import (
+    update_cargo_version,
     update_changelog,
     update_debian_changelog,
     update_flake_version,
@@ -48,7 +50,8 @@ def _release_impl(
     # Pull BEFORE making any modifications
     ensure_clean_and_synced(preview=preview)
 
-    current_ver = determine_current_version()
+    repo_root = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(pyproject_path))
+    current_ver = determine_current_version(repo_root)
     new_ver = bump_semver(current_ver, release_type)
     new_ver_str = str(new_ver)
     new_tag = new_ver.to_tag(with_prefix=True)
@@ -58,7 +61,6 @@ def _release_impl(
     print(f"Current version: {current_ver}")
     print(f"New version:     {new_ver_str} ({release_type})")
 
-    repo_root = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(pyproject_path))
     paths = resolve_repo_paths(repo_root)
 
     # --- Update versioned files ------------------------------------------------
@@ -74,6 +76,8 @@ def _release_impl(
 
     update_flake_version(paths.flake_nix, new_ver_str, preview=preview)
 
+    cargo_files = update_cargo_version(repo_root, new_ver_str, preview=preview)
+
     if paths.arch_pkgbuild:
         update_pkgbuild_version(paths.arch_pkgbuild, new_ver_str, preview=preview)
     else:
@@ -124,6 +128,7 @@ def _release_impl(
         paths.arch_pkgbuild,
         paths.rpm_spec,
         paths.debian_changelog,
+        *cargo_files,
     ]
     existing_files = [
         p for p in files_to_add if isinstance(p, str) and p and os.path.exists(p)
@@ -132,8 +137,9 @@ def _release_impl(
     if preview:
         add(existing_files, preview=True)
         commit(commit_msg, all=True, preview=True)
+        sign_unpushed(".", preview=True)
         tag_annotated(new_tag, tag_msg, preview=True)
-        run(["push", "origin", branch, new_tag], preview=True)
+        push_branch(".", [], sign=True, refs=(new_tag,), preview=True)
 
         if is_highest_version_tag(new_tag):
             update_latest_tag(new_tag, preview=True)
@@ -153,10 +159,10 @@ def _release_impl(
 
     add(existing_files, preview=False)
     commit(commit_msg, all=True, preview=False)
+    sign_unpushed(".", preview=False)
     tag_annotated(new_tag, tag_msg, preview=False)
 
-    # Push branch and ONLY the newly created version tag in one command (no --tags)
-    run(["push", "origin", branch, new_tag], preview=False)
+    push_branch(".", [], sign=True, refs=(new_tag,), preview=False)
 
     # Update 'latest' only if this is the highest version tag
     try:

src/pkgmgr/actions/repository/push.py

@@ -1,39 +1,272 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import os
+import subprocess
+import threading
 from typing import Any
 
 from pkgmgr.actions.repository._parallel import (
+    RepoRef,
     resolve_repos,
     run_on_repos,
 )
-from pkgmgr.core.git.commands import GitPushArgsError, push_args
+from pkgmgr.core.git import GitRunError, run
 
 Repository = dict[str, Any]
 
+# Re-signing opens pinentry; parallel pushes must not ask for the passphrase at once.
+_SIGN_LOCK = threading.Lock()
 
-def _push_one(repo_dir: str, extra_args: list[str], preview: bool) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+
+class PushRefusedError(RuntimeError):
+    """Raised when a push would ship unsigned commits or overwrite a mirror."""
+
+
+def _try_git(repo_dir: str, *args: str) -> str | None:
     try:
-        push_args(extra_args, cwd=repo_dir, preview=preview)
+        return run(list(args), cwd=repo_dir)
+    except GitRunError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _push_target(repo_dir: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    branch = run(["rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD"], cwd=repo_dir)
+    if branch == "HEAD":
+        raise PushRefusedError(f"{repo_dir}: detached HEAD, nothing to push")
+    remote = (
+        _try_git(repo_dir, "config", "--get", f"branch.{branch}.pushRemote")
+        or _try_git(repo_dir, "config", "--get", "remote.pushDefault")
+        or _try_git(repo_dir, "config", "--get", f"branch.{branch}.remote")
+        or "origin"
+    )
+    return branch, remote
+
+
+def _unpushed_signatures(repo_dir: str, remote: str) -> tuple[str, list[str]]:
+    for ref in ("@{u}", f"{remote}/main", f"{remote}/master"):
+        base = _try_git(repo_dir, "merge-base", "HEAD", ref)
+        if base:
+            return base, run(
+                ["log", "--format=%G?", f"{base}..HEAD"], cwd=repo_dir
+            ).split()
+    raise PushRefusedError(
+        f"{repo_dir}: no upstream and no {remote}/main or {remote}/master to sign against"
+    )
+
+
+def sign_unpushed(repo_dir: str, *, preview: bool = False) -> None:
+    """
+    GPG-sign every unpushed commit that is not signed yet, like git-sign-push.
+
+    Args:
+      repo_dir: checkout whose current branch is signed.
+      preview: print the fetch and rebase instead of running them.
+    """
+    _branch, remote = _push_target(repo_dir)
+    run(["fetch", "--quiet", remote], cwd=repo_dir, preview=preview)
+    base, signatures = _unpushed_signatures(repo_dir, remote)
+    unsigned = sum(1 for s in signatures if s != "G")
+    if not unsigned:
+        return
+    if run(["status", "--porcelain", "--untracked-files=no"], cwd=repo_dir):
+        raise PushRefusedError(f"{repo_dir}: uncommitted changes, cannot re-sign")
+
+    cmd = ["git", "rebase", "--rebase-merges", "--force-rebase", "-S", base]
+    print(f"[push] Signing {unsigned} of {len(signatures)} commit(s) in {repo_dir}")
+    if preview:
+        print(f"[PREVIEW] Would run in {repo_dir!r}: {' '.join(cmd)}")
+        return
+    with _SIGN_LOCK:
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            cmd,
+            cwd=repo_dir,
+            env={**os.environ, "GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR": ":"},
+            check=False,
+        )
+    if result.returncode != 0:
+        raise PushRefusedError(
+            f"{repo_dir}: re-sign rebase failed; resolve or `git rebase --abort`"
+        )
+
+
+def _lease(
+    repo_dir: str,
+    url: str,
+    branch_ref: str,
+    tracking: str | None,
+    keep: tuple[str, ...],
+    preview: bool,
+) -> str:
+    if tracking is not None:
+        sha = _try_git(repo_dir, "rev-parse", "--verify", "--quiet", tracking) or ""
+    else:
+        listed = run(["ls-remote", url, branch_ref], cwd=repo_dir).splitlines()
+        sha = next(
+            (ln.split()[0] for ln in listed if ln.split()[1:] == [branch_ref]), ""
+        )
+        if sha and not preview:
+            run(["fetch", "--quiet", "--no-tags", url, branch_ref], cwd=repo_dir)
+    if not sha or preview:
+        return sha
+    lost: set[str] | None = None
+    for tip in keep:
+        plus = {
+            line[2:]
+            for line in run(["cherry", tip, sha], cwd=repo_dir).splitlines()
+            if line.startswith("+")
+        }
+        lost = plus if lost is None else lost & plus
+    if lost:
+        raise PushRefusedError(
+            f"{url}: {len(lost)} commit(s) exist only there, not overwritten: "
+            f"{' '.join(s[:10] for s in sorted(lost))}; "
+            "pass --rewrite for a deliberate history rewrite"
+        )
+    return sha
+
+
+def push_branch(
+    repo_dir: str,
+    extra_args: list[str],
+    *,
+    sign: bool,
+    refs: tuple[str, ...] = (),
+    rewrite: bool = False,
+    preview: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Push the current branch to every pushurl of its push remote, each with its own lease.
+
+    The fetch URL is leased against the remote-tracking ref, every other
+    pushurl against its own branch tip; each only after `git cherry` shows it
+    holds no commit the new tip lacks. A mirror failure is reported after the
+    others were pushed; a canonical failure stops before any mirror.
+
+    Args:
+      repo_dir: checkout whose current branch is pushed.
+      extra_args: flags appended to every `git push`.
+      sign: refuse unsigned commits in the push range; False pushes them as they are.
+      refs: extra refs (e.g. a release tag) pushed to every URL.
+      rewrite: replace commits of the old canonical tip; the fetch URL skips
+        the cherry check, mirrors only refuse commits the old tip never had.
+      preview: print the pushes instead of running them.
+    """
+    branch, remote = _push_target(repo_dir)
+    if sign:
+        _base, signatures = _unpushed_signatures(repo_dir, remote)
+        if not preview and any(s != "G" for s in signatures):
+            raise PushRefusedError(
+                f"{repo_dir}: {sum(s != 'G' for s in signatures)} unsigned commit(s) "
+                "in the push range; run `pkgmgr push` to sign them"
+            )
+
+    head = run(["rev-parse", "HEAD"], cwd=repo_dir)
+    fetch_url = run(["remote", "get-url", remote], cwd=repo_dir)
+    push_urls = run(
+        ["remote", "get-url", "--push", "--all", remote], cwd=repo_dir
+    ).splitlines()
+    branch_ref = f"refs/heads/{branch}"
+    tracking = f"refs/remotes/{remote}/{branch}"
+    old_tip = _try_git(repo_dir, "rev-parse", "--verify", "--quiet", tracking)
+    if fetch_url not in push_urls:
+        print(
+            f"[push] WARN {remote}: fetch URL is no pushurl; every URL is leased "
+            "as a mirror, tracking ref and upstream stay untouched"
+        )
+
+    failed: list[str] = []
+    for url in sorted(push_urls, key=lambda u: u != fetch_url):
+        if url == fetch_url:
+            keep: tuple[str, ...] = () if rewrite else (head,)
+        else:
+            keep = (head, old_tip) if rewrite and old_tip else (head,)
+        try:
+            expect = _lease(
+                repo_dir,
+                url,
+                branch_ref,
+                tracking if url == fetch_url else None,
+                keep,
+                preview,
+            )
+            run(
+                [
+                    "push",
+                    "--follow-tags",
+                    f"--force-with-lease={branch_ref}:{expect}",
+                    *extra_args,
+                    url,
+                    branch_ref,
+                    *refs,
+                ],
+                cwd=repo_dir,
+                preview=preview,
+            )
+        except (GitRunError, PushRefusedError) as exc:
+            if url == fetch_url:
+                raise
+            print(f"[push] FAILED {url}\n{exc}")
+            failed.append(url)
+            continue
+        print(f"[push] {url} <- {branch} {head[:10]}")
+        if url == fetch_url and not preview:
+            run(["update-ref", tracking, head], cwd=repo_dir)
+            if not _try_git(repo_dir, "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "@{u}"):
+                run(["branch", f"--set-upstream-to={remote}/{branch}"], cwd=repo_dir)
+
+    if failed:
+        raise PushRefusedError(f"{repo_dir}: push failed for {', '.join(failed)}")
+
+
+def _push_one(
+    repo_dir: str, extra_args: list[str], sign: bool, rewrite: bool, preview: bool
+) -> tuple[bool, str]:
+    try:
+        if sign:
+            sign_unpushed(repo_dir, preview=preview)
+        push_branch(repo_dir, extra_args, sign=sign, rewrite=rewrite, preview=preview)
         return (True, "")
-    except GitPushArgsError as exc:
+    except (GitRunError, PushRefusedError) as exc:
         return (False, str(exc))
 
 
+def push_repo_dirs(
+    repos: list[RepoRef],
+    extra_args: list[str],
+    preview: bool,
+    sign: bool,
+    jobs: int = 1,
+    rewrite: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Sign and push each ``(identifier, repo_dir)``, optionally in parallel.
+    """
+    run_on_repos(
+        repos,
+        lambda rd: _push_one(rd, extra_args, sign, rewrite, preview),
+        jobs=jobs,
+        op_name="push",
+    )
+
+
 def push_in_parallel(
     selected_repos: list[Repository],
     repositories_base_dir: str,
     all_repos: list[Repository],
     extra_args: list[str],
     preview: bool,
+    sign: bool,
     jobs: int = 1,
+    rewrite: bool = False,
 ) -> None:
     """
-    Execute `git push` for each repository, optionally in parallel.
+    Sign and push each selected repository, optionally in parallel.
     """
-    repos = resolve_repos(selected_repos, repositories_base_dir, all_repos)
-    run_on_repos(
-        repos,
-        lambda rd: _push_one(rd, extra_args, preview),
+    push_repo_dirs(
+        resolve_repos(selected_repos, repositories_base_dir, all_repos),
+        extra_args,
+        preview,
+        sign,
         jobs=jobs,
-        op_name="push",
+        rewrite=rewrite,
     )

src/pkgmgr/cli/commands/branch.py

@@ -1,9 +1,26 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import os
 import sys
 
-from pkgmgr.actions.branch import close_branch, drop_branch, open_branch
+from pkgmgr.actions.branch import (
+    branch_gc,
+    branch_purge,
+    close_branch,
+    drop_branch,
+    open_branch,
+)
+from pkgmgr.actions.branch.gc import main_repo_root
 from pkgmgr.cli.context import CLIContext
+from pkgmgr.core.git.errors import GitBaseError
+from pkgmgr.core.repository.dir import get_repo_dir
+
+
+def _gc_repo_roots(args, ctx: CLIContext) -> list[str]:
+    if not args.all:
+        return [main_repo_root(".")]
+    dirs = [get_repo_dir(ctx.repositories_base_dir, r) for r in ctx.all_repositories]
+    return [d for d in dirs if os.path.exists(os.path.join(d, ".git"))]
 
 
 def handle_branch(args, ctx: CLIContext) -> None:
@@ -14,7 +31,30 @@ def handle_branch(args, ctx: CLIContext) -> None:
       - pkgmgr branch open  [<name>] [--base <branch>]
       - pkgmgr branch close [<name>] [--base <branch>] [--force|-f]
       - pkgmgr branch drop  [<name>] [--base <branch>] [--force|-f]
+      - pkgmgr branch gc    [--apply] [--json] [--all] [--branch N]... [--exclude N]...
+                            [--merged-into REF]... [--sizes] [--min-age HOURS]
+      - pkgmgr branch purge [--all] [--branch N]... [--exclude N]...
+                            [--merged-into REF]... [--sizes] [--min-age HOURS]
     """
+    if args.subcommand in ("gc", "purge"):
+        try:
+            roots = _gc_repo_roots(args, ctx)
+        except GitBaseError as exc:
+            print(f"Not inside a git repository: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(2)
+        options = {
+            "include": args.branch,
+            "exclude": args.exclude,
+            "merged_into": args.merged_into,
+            "sizes": args.sizes,
+            "min_age": args.min_age,
+        }
+        if args.subcommand == "gc":
+            code = branch_gc(roots, apply=args.apply, as_json=args.json, **options)
+        else:
+            code = branch_purge(roots, **options)
+        sys.exit(code)
+
     if args.subcommand == "open":
         open_branch(
             name=getattr(args, "name", None),

src/pkgmgr/cli/parser/branch_cmd.py

@@ -96,3 +96,69 @@ def add_branch_subparsers(
         action="store_true",
         help="Skip confirmation prompt and drop the branch directly",
     )
+
+    branch_gc = branch_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "gc",
+        help=(
+            "Remove merged and clean branches with their worktrees and compose "
+            "stacks (dry-run unless --apply)"
+        ),
+    )
+    branch_gc.add_argument(
+        "--apply",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Execute the plan instead of only printing it",
+    )
+    branch_gc.add_argument(
+        "--json",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Print the plan as JSON",
+    )
+
+    branch_purge = branch_subparsers.add_parser(
+        "purge",
+        help="Delete unmerged or dirty branches after a confirmation per item",
+    )
+
+    for sub in (branch_gc, branch_purge):
+        sub.add_argument(
+            "--all",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Scan every pkgmgr-managed repository instead of the current one",
+        )
+        sub.add_argument(
+            "--branch",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            metavar="NAME",
+            help="Only this branch (or worktree path); repeatable",
+        )
+        sub.add_argument(
+            "--exclude",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            metavar="NAME",
+            help="Skip this branch (or worktree path); repeatable",
+        )
+        sub.add_argument(
+            "--merged-into",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            metavar="REF",
+            help=(
+                "Also count an item as merged when its commits are in REF (an "
+                "integration line); REF is protected and a checkout at its tip "
+                "counts as fresh; repeatable"
+            ),
+        )
+        sub.add_argument(
+            "--sizes",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Measure each worktree's disk usage (du) into the plan",
+        )
+        sub.add_argument(
+            "--min-age",
+            type=float,
+            metavar="HOURS",
+            help="Skip items whose newest commit or worktree index is younger",
+        )

src/pkgmgr/cli/proxy.py

@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ from typing import Any
 from pkgmgr.actions.proxy import exec_proxy_command
 from pkgmgr.actions.repository.clone import clone_repos
 from pkgmgr.actions.repository.pull import pull_with_verification
-from pkgmgr.actions.repository.push import push_in_parallel
+from pkgmgr.actions.repository.push import push_in_parallel, push_repo_dirs
 from pkgmgr.cli.context import CLIContext
+from pkgmgr.core.git import GitRunError, run
 from pkgmgr.core.repository.dir import get_repo_dir
 from pkgmgr.core.repository.selected import get_selected_repos
 
@@ -185,6 +186,25 @@ def register_proxy_commands(
                         "(default: min(cpu_count, 8)). Use 1 for sequential."
                     ),
                 )
+            if subcommand == "push":
+                parser.add_argument(
+                    "--rewrite",
+                    action="store_true",
+                    default=False,
+                    help=(
+                        "Deliberate history rewrite: replace commits the remote "
+                        "already has (amend, squash, drop); leases still apply."
+                    ),
+                )
+                parser.add_argument(
+                    "--no-sign",
+                    action="store_true",
+                    default=False,
+                    help=(
+                        "Push unsigned commits as they are instead of re-signing "
+                        "them; leases still apply."
+                    ),
+                )
             if subcommand == "clone":
                 parser.add_argument(
                     "--clone-mode",
@@ -209,6 +229,22 @@ def maybe_handle_proxy(args: argparse.Namespace, ctx: CLIContext) -> bool:
     if args.command not in all_proxy_subcommands:
         return False
 
+    if args.command == "push" and not _proxy_has_explicit_selection(args):
+        try:
+            toplevel = run(["rev-parse", "--show-toplevel"])
+        except GitRunError:
+            print("[ERROR] Current directory is not inside a git checkout.")
+            sys.exit(1)
+        push_repo_dirs(
+            [(toplevel, toplevel)],
+            args.extra_args,
+            args.preview,
+            not args.no_sign,
+            jobs=args.jobs,
+            rewrite=args.rewrite,
+        )
+        sys.exit(0)
+
     # Default semantics: without explicit selection → repo of current folder.
     if _proxy_has_explicit_selection(args):
         selected = get_selected_repos(args, ctx.all_repositories)
@@ -251,7 +287,9 @@ def maybe_handle_proxy(args: argparse.Namespace, ctx: CLIContext) -> bool:
                 ctx.all_repositories,
                 args.extra_args,
                 args.preview,
+                not args.no_sign,
                 jobs=args.jobs,
+                rewrite=args.rewrite,
             )
         else:
             exec_proxy_command(

src/pkgmgr/core/git/commands/__init__.py

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ from .pull import GitPullError, pull
 from .pull_args import GitPullArgsError, pull_args
 from .pull_ff_only import GitPullFfOnlyError, pull_ff_only
 from .push import GitPushError, push
-from .push_args import GitPushArgsError, push_args
 from .push_upstream import GitPushUpstreamError, push_upstream
 from .set_remote_url import GitSetRemoteUrlError, set_remote_url
 from .tag_annotated import GitTagAnnotatedError, tag_annotated
@@ -43,7 +42,6 @@ __all__ = [
     "GitPullArgsError",
     "GitPullError",
     "GitPullFfOnlyError",
-    "GitPushArgsError",
     "GitPushError",
     "GitPushUpstreamError",
     "GitSetRemoteUrlError",
@@ -67,7 +65,6 @@ __all__ = [
     "pull_args",
     "pull_ff_only",
     "push",
-    "push_args",
     "push_upstream",
     "set_remote_url",
     "tag_annotated",

src/pkgmgr/core/git/commands/push_args.py

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-from ..errors import GitCommandError, GitRunError
-from ..run import run
-
-
-class GitPushArgsError(GitCommandError):
-    """Raised when `git push` with arbitrary args fails."""
-
-
-def push_args(
-    args: list[str] | None = None,
-    *,
-    cwd: str = ".",
-    preview: bool = False,
-) -> None:
-    """
-    Execute `git push` with caller-provided arguments.
-
-    Examples:
-      []                          -> git push
-      ["--force"]                 -> git push --force
-      ["origin", "main"]          -> git push origin main
-      ["-u", "origin", "feature"] -> git push -u origin feature
-    """
-    extra = args or []
-    try:
-        run(["push", *extra], cwd=cwd, preview=preview)
-    except GitRunError as exc:
-        details = getattr(exc, "output", None) or getattr(exc, "stderr", None) or ""
-        raise GitPushArgsError(
-            (
-                f"Failed to run `git push` with args={extra!r} "
-                f"in cwd={cwd!r}.\n{details}"
-            ).rstrip(),
-            cwd=cwd,
-        ) from exc

src/pkgmgr/core/version/source.py

@@ -232,3 +232,40 @@ def read_ansible_galaxy_version(repo_dir: str) -> str | None:
             return None
 
     return None
+
+
+def read_cargo_version(repo_dir: str) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Read [package].version from Cargo.toml in repo_dir, if present.
+    """
+    path = os.path.join(repo_dir, "Cargo.toml")
+    if not os.path.isfile(path):
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        import tomllib
+    except ImportError:
+        import tomli as tomllib  # type: ignore
+
+    try:
+        with open(path, "rb") as f:
+            version = (tomllib.load(f).get("package") or {}).get("version")
+    except (OSError, UnicodeDecodeError, tomllib.TOMLDecodeError):
+        return None
+    return version.strip() if isinstance(version, str) and version.strip() else None
+
+
+def read_changelog_version(repo_dir: str) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Read the newest release from CHANGELOG.md ("## [X.Y.Z] - date").
+    """
+    path = os.path.join(repo_dir, "CHANGELOG.md")
+    if not os.path.isfile(path):
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            match = re.search(r"(?m)^##\s+\[(v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+)\]", f.read())
+    except (OSError, UnicodeDecodeError):
+        return None
+    return match.group(1).strip() if match else None

tests/integration/test_branch_gc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from contextlib import redirect_stdout
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+from pkgmgr.actions.branch import gc
+from pkgmgr.actions.branch.gc_forge import ForgeFacts
+from pkgmgr.cli.commands.branch import handle_branch
+from pkgmgr.cli.parser import create_parser
+
+GIT_ENV = {
+    **os.environ,
+    "GIT_AUTHOR_NAME": "t",
+    "GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL": "t@example.org",
+    "GIT_COMMITTER_NAME": "t",
+    "GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL": "t@example.org",
+}
+
+
+def git(cwd: str, *args: str) -> str:
+    return subprocess.run(
+        ["git", "-c", "commit.gpgsign=false", *args],
+        cwd=cwd,
+        env=GIT_ENV,
+        check=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    ).stdout.strip()
+
+
+def docker_available() -> bool:
+    try:
+        subprocess.run(["docker", "info"], check=True, capture_output=True)
+    except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+class TestBranchGc(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.root = os.path.realpath(self._tmp.name)
+        self.origin = os.path.join(self.root, "origin.git")
+        self.repo = os.path.join(self.root, "repo")
+        git(self.root, "init", "--bare", "-b", "main", self.origin)
+        git(self.root, "init", "-b", "main", self.repo)
+        git(self.repo, "remote", "add", "origin", self.origin)
+        self._commit("init")
+        git(self.repo, "push", "-u", "origin", "main")
+
+        self._branch_with_commit("merged")
+        git(self.repo, "merge", "--no-ff", "-m", "merge merged", "merged")
+        git(self.repo, "push", "origin", "main")
+        git(self.repo, "branch", "fresh")
+        git(self.repo, "push", "origin", "fresh")
+        self._branch_with_commit("wip")
+        self._branch_with_commit("squashed")
+        self._branch_with_commit("locked")
+        git(self.repo, "merge", "--no-ff", "-m", "merge locked", "locked")
+        git(self.repo, "push", "origin", "main")
+        git(self.repo, "remote", "set-head", "origin", "main")
+
+        self.merged_wt = os.path.join(self.root, "wt-merged")
+        git(self.repo, "worktree", "add", self.merged_wt, "merged")
+        self.dirty_wt = os.path.join(self.root, "wt-dirty")
+        git(self.repo, "worktree", "add", "-b", "dirty", self.dirty_wt, "merged")
+        with open(os.path.join(self.dirty_wt, "scratch.txt"), "w") as fh:
+            fh.write("x")
+        self.locked_wt = os.path.join(self.root, "wt-locked")
+        git(self.repo, "worktree", "add", self.locked_wt, "locked")
+
+        self.squashed_sha = git(self.repo, "rev-parse", "squashed")
+        self.forge = ForgeFacts(
+            merged_heads={self.squashed_sha: 7}, open_heads={"wip": 3}
+        )
+
+    def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp.cleanup()
+
+    def _commit(self, name: str) -> None:
+        with open(os.path.join(self.repo, f"{name}.txt"), "w") as fh:
+            fh.write(name)
+        git(self.repo, "add", f"{name}.txt")
+        git(self.repo, "commit", "-m", name)
+
+    def _branch_with_commit(self, name: str) -> None:
+        git(self.repo, "checkout", "-b", name, "main")
+        self._commit(name)
+        git(self.repo, "push", "origin", name)
+        git(self.repo, "checkout", "main")
+
+    def _lock(self, reason: str) -> None:
+        git(self.repo, "worktree", "lock", "--reason", reason, self.locked_wt)
+
+    def _plan(
+        self,
+        host_ns: bool,
+        cwds: dict[int, str],
+        merged_into: list[str] | None = None,
+        sizes: bool = False,
+        min_age: float | None = None,
+    ) -> gc.Repo:
+        with (
+            patch.object(gc, "fetch_forge_facts", return_value=self.forge),
+            patch.object(gc, "_process_cwds", return_value=cwds),
+        ):
+            return gc.plan_repo(
+                self.repo,
+                [],
+                host_ns,
+                merged_into=merged_into or [],
+                sizes=sizes,
+                min_age=min_age,
+            )
+
+    def _integration_line(self) -> str:
+        git(self.repo, "checkout", "-b", "line", "main")
+        self._commit("line-base")
+        git(self.repo, "checkout", "-b", "feat", "line")
+        self._commit("feat")
+        git(self.repo, "checkout", "line")
+        git(self.repo, "merge", "--no-ff", "-m", "merge feat", "feat")
+        git(self.repo, "push", "origin", "line", "feat")
+        git(self.repo, "branch", "start", "line")
+        git(self.repo, "checkout", "main")
+        feat_wt = os.path.join(self.root, "wt-feat")
+        git(self.repo, "worktree", "add", feat_wt, "feat")
+        return feat_wt
+
+    def _items(self, plan: gc.Repo) -> dict[str, gc.Item]:
+        return {item.branch: item for item in plan.items if item.branch}
+
+    def test_classifies_every_branch(self) -> None:
+        items = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(items["main"].state, "protected")
+        self.assertEqual(items["merged"].state, "merged-clean")
+        self.assertEqual(items["merged"].merged_by, "ancestor")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            items["merged"].actions,
+            ["worktree", "local-branch", "remote-branch:origin"],
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(items["merged"].eligible)
+        self.assertEqual(items["squashed"].merged_by, "pr#7")
+        self.assertTrue(items["squashed"].eligible)
+        self.assertEqual(items["fresh"].state, "unmerged")
+        self.assertEqual(items["fresh"].reason, "no own commits")
+        self.assertEqual(items["wip"].state, "unmerged")
+        self.assertEqual(items["wip"].skip, "open-pr #3")
+        self.assertEqual(items["dirty"].state, "dirty")
+
+    def test_merged_into_counts_commits_in_an_integration_line(self) -> None:
+        self._integration_line()
+        before = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}))
+        self.assertEqual(before["feat"].state, "unmerged")
+        self.assertIsNone(before["feat"].merged_into)
+
+        for ref in ("line", "origin/line"):
+            with self.subTest(ref=ref):
+                items = self._items(
+                    self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}, merged_into=[ref])
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(items["feat"].state, "merged-clean")
+                self.assertEqual(items["feat"].merged_by, f"line:{ref}")
+                self.assertEqual(items["feat"].merged_into, ref)
+                self.assertTrue(items["feat"].eligible)
+                self.assertEqual(items["line"].state, "protected")
+                self.assertEqual(items["start"].state, "unmerged")
+                self.assertEqual(items["merged"].merged_into, "origin/main")
+
+    def test_unknown_merged_into_ref_is_a_warning(self) -> None:
+        plan = self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}, merged_into=["no-such-line"])
+
+        self.assertIn("merged-into ref no-such-line not found", plan.warnings)
+        self.assertEqual(self._items(plan)["merged"].state, "merged-clean")
+
+    def test_sizes_and_min_age(self) -> None:
+        items = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}, sizes=True))
+        self.assertGreater(items["merged"].size_bytes, 0)
+        self.assertIsNone(items["squashed"].size_bytes)
+        self.assertIn("size ", gc._line(items["merged"]))
+
+        young = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}, min_age=1000))
+        self.assertEqual(young["merged"].skip, "younger than 1000 h")
+        self.assertFalse(young["merged"].eligible)
+        old = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}, min_age=0))
+        self.assertIsNone(old["merged"].skip)
+
+    def test_busy_worktree_is_skipped(self) -> None:
+        cwds = {4242: os.path.join(self.merged_wt, "sub")}
+        items = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds=cwds))
+
+        self.assertTrue(items["merged"].skip.startswith("process: pid 4242"))
+        self.assertFalse(items["merged"].eligible)
+
+    def test_lock_with_live_pid_is_skipped(self) -> None:
+        self._lock(f"claude agent x (pid {os.getpid()} on host)")
+        items = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(items["locked"].skip, f"lock: pid {os.getpid()} alive")
+
+    def test_lock_with_dead_pid_is_overridden(self) -> None:
+        self._lock("claude agent x (pid 999999999 on host)")
+        items = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}))
+
+        self.assertIsNone(items["locked"].skip)
+        self.assertTrue(items["locked"].eligible)
+
+    def test_lock_outside_host_namespace_is_unknown(self) -> None:
+        self._lock("claude agent x (pid 999999999 on host)")
+        items = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=False, cwds={}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(items["locked"].skip, "lock: liveness unknown")
+
+    def test_lock_without_pid_is_respected(self) -> None:
+        self._lock("manual hold")
+        items = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(items["locked"].skip, "lock: manual hold")
+
+    def test_forge_unavailable_skips_everything(self) -> None:
+        self.forge = ForgeFacts(unavailable="no GitHub token")
+        items = self._items(self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(items["merged"].skip, "forge unavailable")
+        self.assertIsNone(items["squashed"].merged_by)
+
+    def test_stale_metadata_is_listed_not_pruned(self) -> None:
+        stub = os.path.join(self.repo, ".git", "worktrees", "stub")
+        os.makedirs(stub)
+        open(os.path.join(stub, "commondir"), "w").close()
+        plan = self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={})
+
+        stale = [i for i in plan.items if i.state == "stale"]
+        self.assertEqual([i.worktree for i in stale], [stub])
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(stub))
+
+    def test_execute_removes_worktree_and_branches(self) -> None:
+        plan = self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={})
+        item = self._items(plan)["merged"]
+        meta = os.path.join(self.repo, ".git", "worktrees", "wt-merged")
+
+        with patch.object(gc, "_process_cwds", return_value={}):
+            gc.execute(plan, item)
+
+        self.assertEqual(item.result, "done")
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.merged_wt))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(meta))
+        self.assertEqual(git(self.repo, "branch", "--list", "merged"), "")
+        self.assertEqual(git(self.origin, "branch", "--list", "merged"), "")
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(docker_available(), "docker is not available")
+    def test_execute_removes_foreign_owned_worktree_via_container(self) -> None:
+        with open(os.path.join(self.repo, ".git", "info", "exclude"), "a") as fh:
+            fh.write("node_modules/\n")
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                "docker",
+                "run",
+                "--rm",
+                "-v",
+                f"{self.merged_wt}:/w",
+                gc.CLEANUP_IMAGE,
+                "sh",
+                "-c",
+                (
+                    "mkdir -p /w/node_modules/pkg && touch /w/node_modules/pkg/index.js"
+                    " && chown -R 65534:65534 /w/node_modules"
+                ),
+            ],
+            check=True,
+            capture_output=True,
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(gc._foreign_owned(self.merged_wt))
+        plan = self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={})
+        item = self._items(plan)["merged"]
+        meta = os.path.join(self.repo, ".git", "worktrees", "wt-merged")
+
+        with patch.object(gc, "_process_cwds", return_value={}):
+            gc.execute(plan, item)
+
+        self.assertEqual(item.result, "done")
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.lexists(self.merged_wt))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(meta))
+        self.assertEqual(git(self.repo, "branch", "--list", "merged"), "")
+
+    def test_metadata_kept_when_checkout_survives_removal(self) -> None:
+        plan = self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={})
+        item = self._items(plan)["merged"]
+        meta = os.path.join(self.repo, ".git", "worktrees", "wt-merged")
+
+        with (
+            patch.object(gc, "_process_cwds", return_value={}),
+            patch.object(gc, "_foreign_owned", return_value=True),
+            patch.object(gc, "_docker", return_value="") as docker,
+        ):
+            gc.execute(plan, item)
+
+        docker.assert_called_once_with(
+            [
+                "run",
+                "--rm",
+                "-v",
+                f"{self.root}:/w",
+                gc.CLEANUP_IMAGE,
+                "rm",
+                "-rf",
+                "/w/wt-merged",
+            ]
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(item.result.startswith("failed: worktree"))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(self.merged_wt))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(meta))
+        self.assertNotEqual(git(self.repo, "branch", "--list", "merged"), "")
+
+    def test_execute_skips_item_changed_since_plan(self) -> None:
+        plan = self._plan(host_ns=True, cwds={})
+        item = self._items(plan)["merged"]
+        with open(os.path.join(self.merged_wt, "late.txt"), "w") as fh:
+            fh.write("late")
+
+        with patch.object(gc, "_process_cwds", return_value={}):
+            gc.execute(plan, item)
+
+        self.assertTrue(item.result.startswith("skipped: changed since plan"))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(self.merged_wt))
+
+    def test_branch_gc_json_and_refusal(self) -> None:
+        out = io.StringIO()
+        with (
+            patch.object(gc, "host_pid_namespace", return_value=True),
+            patch.object(gc, "list_compose_containers", return_value=[]),
+            patch.object(gc, "fetch_forge_facts", return_value=self.forge),
+            patch.object(gc, "_process_cwds", return_value={}),
+            redirect_stdout(out),
+        ):
+            code = gc.branch_gc(
+                [self.repo],
+                apply=False,
+                as_json=True,
+                include=["merged"],
+                exclude=[],
+                merged_into=["origin/main"],
+                sizes=True,
+                min_age=None,
+            )
+        data = json.loads(out.getvalue())
+
+        self.assertEqual(code, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(data["repos"][0]["merged_into"], ["origin/main"])
+        items = data["repos"][0]["items"]
+        self.assertEqual([i["branch"] for i in items], ["merged"])
+        self.assertEqual(items[0]["merged_into"], "origin/main")
+        self.assertGreater(items[0]["size_bytes"], 0)
+        with patch.object(gc, "host_pid_namespace", return_value=False):
+            self.assertEqual(
+                gc.branch_gc(
+                    [self.repo],
+                    apply=True,
+                    as_json=False,
+                    include=[],
+                    exclude=[],
+                    merged_into=[],
+                    sizes=False,
+                    min_age=None,
+                ),
+                2,
+            )
+
+    def test_cli_forwards_gc_flags(self) -> None:
+        args = create_parser("test").parse_args(
+            [
+                "branch",
+                "gc",
+                "--apply",
+                "--json",
+                "--branch",
+                "a",
+                "--branch",
+                "b",
+                "--exclude",
+                "c",
+                "--merged-into",
+                "origin/line",
+                "--merged-into",
+                "fork/line",
+                "--sizes",
+                "--min-age",
+                "24",
+            ]
+        )
+        with (
+            patch("pkgmgr.cli.commands.branch.main_repo_root", return_value=self.repo),
+            patch("pkgmgr.cli.commands.branch.branch_gc", return_value=1) as run_gc,
+            self.assertRaises(SystemExit) as exit_ctx,
+        ):
+            handle_branch(args, ctx=None)
+
+        self.assertEqual(exit_ctx.exception.code, 1)
+        run_gc.assert_called_once_with(
+            [self.repo],
+            apply=True,
+            as_json=True,
+            include=["a", "b"],
+            exclude=["c"],
+            merged_into=["origin/line", "fork/line"],
+            sizes=True,
+            min_age=24.0,
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/integration/test_build_image_publish.py

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+BASE = "--build-arg BASE_IMAGE=ghcr.io/kevinveenbirkenbach/base-{distro}:latest ."
+
+
+class TestBuildImagePublish(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        tmp = Path(self._tmp.name)
+        self.log = tmp / "docker.log"
+        fake = tmp / "docker"
+        fake.write_text('#!/usr/bin/env bash\necho "$*" >> "$FAKE_DOCKER_LOG"\n')
+        fake.chmod(0o755)
+        self.env = {
+            k: v for k, v in os.environ.items() if not k.startswith("BASE_IMAGES_")
+        }
+        self.env["PATH"] = f"{tmp}{os.pathsep}{os.environ['PATH']}"
+        self.env["FAKE_DOCKER_LOG"] = str(self.log)
+
+    def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp.cleanup()
+
+    def _run(self, script: str, distro: str, *args: str, **env: str):
+        result = subprocess.run(
+            ["bash", f"scripts/build/{script}", *args],
+            check=False,
+            cwd=REPO_ROOT,
+            env={**self.env, "PKGMGR_DISTRO": distro, **env},
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+        )
+        calls = self.log.read_text().splitlines() if self.log.exists() else []
+        return result, calls
+
+    def _publish(self, distro: str, *args: str):
+        return self._run(
+            "image.sh",
+            distro,
+            "--publish",
+            "--registry",
+            "ghcr.io",
+            "--owner",
+            "o",
+            "--version",
+            "2.1.2",
+            *args,
+        )
+
+    def test_platform_pushes_only_the_arch_tag(self) -> None:
+        result, calls = self._publish("debian", "--platform", "linux/arm64")
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0, result.stderr)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            calls,
+            [
+                (
+                    "buildx build --push -t ghcr.io/o/pkgmgr-debian:2.1.2-arm64 "
+                    "--platform linux/arm64 "
+                )
+                + BASE.format(distro="debian")
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_merge_joins_arch_tags_under_release_and_alias_tags(self) -> None:
+        result, calls = self._publish("arch", "--stable", "true", "--merge")
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0, result.stderr)
+        tags = " ".join(
+            f"-t ghcr.io/o/{image}:{tag}"
+            for image in ("pkgmgr-arch", "pkgmgr")
+            for tag in ("latest", "2.1.2", "stable")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            calls,
+            [
+                (
+                    f"buildx imagetools create {tags} "
+                    "ghcr.io/o/pkgmgr-arch:2.1.2-amd64 ghcr.io/o/pkgmgr-arch:2.1.2-arm64"
+                ),
+                "buildx imagetools inspect ghcr.io/o/pkgmgr-arch:2.1.2",
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_unknown_platform_and_merge_without_publish_are_refused(self) -> None:
+        unknown, _ = self._publish("debian", "--platform", "linux/s390x")
+        no_publish, calls = self._run("image.sh", "debian", "--merge")
+
+        self.assertEqual(unknown.returncode, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(no_publish.returncode, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(calls, [])
+
+    def test_publish_builds_each_platform_then_merges(self) -> None:
+        result, calls = self._run(
+            "publish.sh", "fedora", OWNER="o", VERSION="2.1.2", DISTROS="fedora"
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.returncode, 0, result.stderr)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [c.split(" -t ")[0] for c in calls],
+            ["buildx build --push", "buildx build --push", "buildx imagetools create"]
+            + ["buildx imagetools inspect ghcr.io/o/pkgmgr-fedora:2.1.2"],
+        )
+        self.assertIn("--platform linux/amd64", calls[0])
+        self.assertIn("--platform linux/arm64", calls[1])
+        self.assertNotIn(":stable", calls[2])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/integration/test_push_mirror_leases.py

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from contextlib import redirect_stdout
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+from pkgmgr.actions.release.retry import retry_release
+from pkgmgr.actions.repository.push import (
+    PushRefusedError,
+    push_branch,
+    sign_unpushed,
+)
+from pkgmgr.cli.context import CLIContext
+from pkgmgr.cli.parser import create_parser
+from pkgmgr.cli.proxy import maybe_handle_proxy
+
+
+def git(cwd: str, *args: str) -> str:
+    return subprocess.run(
+        ["git", *args], cwd=cwd, check=True, capture_output=True, text=True
+    ).stdout.strip()
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(shutil.which("ssh-keygen"), "ssh-keygen signs the commits")
+class TestPushMirrorLeases(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.addCleanup(self._tmp.cleanup)
+        root = Path(os.path.realpath(self._tmp.name))
+        self.root = str(root)
+        key = root / "key"
+        subprocess.run(
+            ["ssh-keygen", "-q", "-t", "ed25519", "-N", "", "-f", str(key)],
+            check=True,
+        )
+        (root / "allowed").write_text(f"t@example.org {(root / 'key.pub').read_text()}")
+        (root / "gitconfig").write_text(
+            "[user]\n\tname = t\n\temail = t@example.org\n"
+            f"\tsigningkey = {key}\n"
+            "[gpg]\n\tformat = ssh\n"
+            f'[gpg "ssh"]\n\tallowedSignersFile = {root / "allowed"}\n'
+            "[commit]\n\tgpgsign = false\n"
+            "[init]\n\tdefaultBranch = main\n"
+        )
+        env = patch.dict(
+            os.environ,
+            {"GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL": str(root / "gitconfig"), "GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM": "1"},
+        )
+        env.start()
+        self.addCleanup(env.stop)
+
+        self.canonical = str(root / "canonical.git")
+        self.mirror = str(root / "mirror.git")
+        self.repo = str(root / "repo")
+        git(self.root, "init", "-q", "--bare", self.canonical)
+        git(self.root, "init", "-q", "--bare", self.mirror)
+        git(self.root, "init", "-q", self.repo)
+        git(self.repo, "remote", "add", "origin", self.canonical)
+        git(self.repo, "remote", "set-url", "--add", "--push", "origin", self.canonical)
+        git(self.repo, "remote", "set-url", "--add", "--push", "origin", self.mirror)
+        self.init = self._commit("init")
+        git(self.repo, "push", "-q", self.canonical, "main")
+        git(self.repo, "push", "-q", self.mirror, "main")
+        git(self.repo, "fetch", "-q", "origin")
+        git(self.repo, "branch", "-q", "--set-upstream-to=origin/main")
+
+    def _commit(self, name: str, cwd: str | None = None, *flags: str) -> str:
+        cwd = cwd or self.repo
+        Path(cwd, f"{name}.txt").write_text(name)
+        git(cwd, "add", f"{name}.txt")
+        git(cwd, "commit", "-q", *flags, "-m", name)
+        return git(cwd, "rev-parse", "HEAD")
+
+    def _push(self, rewrite: bool = False) -> str:
+        with redirect_stdout(io.StringIO()) as out:
+            sign_unpushed(self.repo)
+            push_branch(self.repo, [], sign=True, rewrite=rewrite)
+        return out.getvalue()
+
+    def _cli_push(self, cwd: str, *argv: str) -> None:
+        ctx = CLIContext(
+            config_merged={},
+            repositories_base_dir=os.path.join(self.root, "base"),
+            all_repositories=[],
+            binaries_dir=os.path.join(self.root, "bin"),
+            user_config_path=os.path.join(self.root, "config.yaml"),
+        )
+        args = create_parser("pkgmgr").parse_args(["push", "-j", "1", *argv])
+        prev = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(cwd)
+        self.addCleanup(os.chdir, prev)
+
+        with redirect_stdout(io.StringIO()), self.assertRaises(SystemExit) as cm:
+            maybe_handle_proxy(args, ctx)
+
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.code, 0)
+
+    def _tip(self, bare: str, ref: str = "refs/heads/main") -> str:
+        return subprocess.run(
+            ["git", "rev-parse", "--verify", "--quiet", ref],
+            cwd=bare,
+            check=False,
+            capture_output=True,
+            text=True,
+        ).stdout.strip()
+
+    def _assert_shipped_signed(self) -> None:
+        head = git(self.repo, "rev-parse", "HEAD")
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.canonical), head)
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.mirror), head)
+        signatures = git(self.repo, "log", "--format=%G?", f"{self.init}..HEAD")
+        self.assertEqual(set(signatures.split()), {"G"})
+
+    def test_mirror_equal_gets_the_signed_commit(self) -> None:
+        self._commit("feature")
+
+        self._push()
+
+        self._assert_shipped_signed()
+
+    def test_mirror_behind_is_fast_forwarded(self) -> None:
+        self._commit("first", None, "-S")
+        git(self.repo, "push", "-q", self.canonical, "main")
+        git(self.repo, "fetch", "-q", "origin")
+        self._commit("second")
+
+        self._push()
+
+        self._assert_shipped_signed()
+
+    def test_mirror_on_older_rewrite_is_replaced_after_resign(self) -> None:
+        unsigned = self._commit("feature")
+        git(self.repo, "push", "-q", self.mirror, "main")
+
+        self._push()
+
+        self._assert_shipped_signed()
+        self.assertNotEqual(self._tip(self.mirror), unsigned)
+
+    def test_mirror_only_commit_is_refused_and_kept(self) -> None:
+        other = os.path.join(self.root, "other")
+        git(self.root, "clone", "-q", self.mirror, other)
+        foreign = self._commit("foreign", other)
+        git(other, "push", "-q", "origin", "main")
+        self._commit("feature")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(PushRefusedError) as cm:
+            self._push()
+        with self.assertRaises(PushRefusedError):
+            self._push(rewrite=True)
+
+        self.assertIn(self.mirror, str(cm.exception))
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.mirror), foreign)
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.canonical), git(self.repo, "rev-parse", "HEAD"))
+
+    def test_content_rewrite_needs_the_rewrite_flag(self) -> None:
+        self._commit("feature")
+        self._push()
+        shipped = git(self.repo, "rev-parse", "HEAD")
+        Path(self.repo, "feature.txt").write_text("changed")
+        git(self.repo, "commit", "-q", "-a", "--amend", "--no-edit")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(PushRefusedError) as cm:
+            self._push()
+
+        self.assertIn(self.canonical, str(cm.exception))
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.canonical), shipped)
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.mirror), shipped)
+
+        self._push(rewrite=True)
+
+        self._assert_shipped_signed()
+        self.assertNotEqual(self._tip(self.mirror), shipped)
+
+    def test_worktree_outside_base_dir_is_pushed(self) -> None:
+        worktree = os.path.join(self.root, "wt")
+        git(self.repo, "worktree", "add", "-q", "-b", "feature", worktree)
+        head_before = self._commit("feature", worktree)
+
+        self._cli_push(worktree)
+
+        head = git(worktree, "rev-parse", "HEAD")
+        self.assertNotEqual(head, head_before)
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.canonical, "refs/heads/feature"), head)
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.mirror, "refs/heads/feature"), head)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            git(worktree, "rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "@{u}"), "origin/feature"
+        )
+
+    def test_no_sign_pushes_unsigned_commits_to_every_url(self) -> None:
+        unsigned = self._commit("feature")
+
+        self._cli_push(self.repo, "--no-sign")
+
+        self.assertEqual(git(self.repo, "rev-parse", "HEAD"), unsigned)
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.canonical), unsigned)
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.mirror), unsigned)
+        self.assertEqual(git(self.repo, "log", "-1", "--format=%G?"), "N")
+
+    def test_release_retry_refuses_unsigned_range(self) -> None:
+        self._commit("release")
+        git(self.repo, "tag", "-a", "v1.0.0", "-m", "v1.0.0")
+        cwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(self.repo)
+        self.addCleanup(os.chdir, cwd)
+
+        with redirect_stdout(io.StringIO()), self.assertRaises(PushRefusedError):
+            retry_release(pyproject_path=os.path.join(self.repo, "pyproject.toml"))
+
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.canonical), git(self.repo, "rev-parse", "@{u}"))
+        self.assertEqual(self._tip(self.canonical, "refs/tags/v1.0.0"), "")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/pkgmgr/actions/release/test_cargo.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+
+from pkgmgr.actions.release.files import update_cargo_version
+
+CARGO_TOML = """[package]
+name = "security-check"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+serde = { version = "1.0.0" }
+"""
+
+CARGO_LOCK = """version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "security-check"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "abc"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "security-check"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+"""
+
+
+class TestUpdateCargoVersion(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.root = self._tmp.name
+
+    def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp.cleanup()
+
+    def _write(self, name: str, content: str) -> str:
+        path = os.path.join(self.root, name)
+        with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            f.write(content)
+        return path
+
+    def _read(self, name: str) -> str:
+        with open(os.path.join(self.root, name), encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+    def test_bumps_package_and_local_lock_entry_only(self) -> None:
+        toml = self._write("Cargo.toml", CARGO_TOML)
+        lock = self._write("Cargo.lock", CARGO_LOCK)
+
+        changed = update_cargo_version(self.root, "0.4.0")
+
+        self.assertEqual(changed, [toml, lock])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._read("Cargo.toml"),
+            CARGO_TOML.replace('version = "0.1.0"', 'version = "0.4.0"'),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self._read("Cargo.lock"),
+            CARGO_LOCK.replace(
+                'name = "security-check"\nversion = "0.1.0"\ndependencies',
+                'name = "security-check"\nversion = "0.4.0"\ndependencies',
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def test_without_cargo_toml_changes_nothing(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(update_cargo_version(self.root, "0.4.0"), [])
+        self.assertEqual(os.listdir(self.root), [])
+
+    def test_workspace_without_package_is_untouched(self) -> None:
+        workspace = '[workspace]\nmembers = ["a"]\n'
+        self._write("Cargo.toml", workspace)
+
+        self.assertEqual(update_cargo_version(self.root, "0.4.0"), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self._read("Cargo.toml"), workspace)
+
+    def test_without_lock_bumps_only_toml(self) -> None:
+        toml = self._write("Cargo.toml", CARGO_TOML)
+
+        self.assertEqual(update_cargo_version(self.root, "0.4.0"), [toml])
+
+    def test_preview_writes_nothing(self) -> None:
+        self._write("Cargo.toml", CARGO_TOML)
+        self._write("Cargo.lock", CARGO_LOCK)
+
+        update_cargo_version(self.root, "0.4.0", preview=True)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self._read("Cargo.toml"), CARGO_TOML)
+        self.assertEqual(self._read("Cargo.lock"), CARGO_LOCK)
+
+    def test_lock_without_local_entry_fails_before_writing(self) -> None:
+        self._write("Cargo.toml", CARGO_TOML)
+        self._write("Cargo.lock", 'version = 4\n\n[[package]]\nname = "serde"\n')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            update_cargo_version(self.root, "0.4.0")
+        self.assertEqual(self._read("Cargo.toml"), CARGO_TOML)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/pkgmgr/actions/release/test_files.py

@@ -88,12 +88,15 @@ class TestUpdatePyprojectVersion(unittest.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIn("Missing version key", str(cm.exception))
 
-    def test_update_pyproject_version_raises_when_project_section_missing(self) -> None:
+    def test_update_pyproject_version_skips_tool_only_pyproject(self) -> None:
         original = (
             textwrap.dedent(
                 """
-                name = "example"
-                version = "0.1.0"
+                [dependency-groups]
+                lint = ["ruff==0.17.3"]
+
+                [tool.ruff]
+                line-length = 88
                 """
             ).strip()
             + "\n"
@@ -104,10 +107,38 @@ class TestUpdatePyprojectVersion(unittest.TestCase):
             with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(original)
 
-            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError) as cm:
-                update_pyproject_version(path, "1.2.3", preview=False)
+            update_pyproject_version(path, "1.2.3", preview=False)
 
-        self.assertIn("Missing [project] section", str(cm.exception))
+            with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                content = f.read()
+
+        self.assertEqual(content, original)
+
+    def test_update_pyproject_version_skips_dynamic_version(self) -> None:
+        original = (
+            textwrap.dedent(
+                """
+                [project]
+                name = "example"
+                dynamic = [
+                  "version",
+                ]
+                """
+            ).strip()
+            + "\n"
+        )
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "pyproject.toml")
+            with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                f.write(original)
+
+            update_pyproject_version(path, "1.2.3", preview=False)
+
+            with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                content = f.read()
+
+        self.assertEqual(content, original)
 
     def test_update_pyproject_version_missing_file_is_skipped(self) -> None:
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:

tests/unit/pkgmgr/actions/release/test_retry.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class TestReleaseRetry(unittest.TestCase):
 class TestRetryRelease(unittest.TestCase):
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.update_latest_tag")
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.is_highest_version_tag", return_value=True)
-    @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.run")
+    @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.push_branch")
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.head_semver_tags")
     @patch(
         "pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.get_current_branch",
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class TestRetryRelease(unittest.TestCase):
         self,
         _mock_branch,
         mock_head_tags,
-        mock_run,
+        mock_push,
         _mock_highest,
         mock_update_latest,
     ) -> None:
@@ -83,14 +83,14 @@ class TestRetryRelease(unittest.TestCase):
 
         retry_release(pyproject_path="pyproject.toml", preview=False)
 
-        mock_run.assert_called_once_with(
-            ["push", "origin", "release-fix", "v1.13.4"], preview=False
+        mock_push.assert_called_once_with(
+            ".", [], sign=True, refs=("v1.13.4",), preview=False
         )
         mock_update_latest.assert_called_once_with("v1.13.4", preview=False)
 
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.update_latest_tag")
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.is_highest_version_tag", return_value=False)
-    @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.run")
+    @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.push_branch")
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.head_semver_tags")
     @patch(
         "pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.get_current_branch",
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class TestRetryRelease(unittest.TestCase):
         self,
         _mock_branch,
         mock_head_tags,
-        _mock_run,
+        _mock_push,
         _mock_highest,
         mock_update_latest,
     ) -> None:
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class TestRetryRelease(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.update_latest_tag")
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.is_highest_version_tag", return_value=True)
-    @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.run")
+    @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.push_branch")
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.head_semver_tags")
     @patch(
         "pkgmgr.actions.release.retry.get_current_branch",
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class TestRetryRelease(unittest.TestCase):
         self,
         _mock_branch,
         mock_head_tags,
-        mock_run,
+        mock_push,
         _mock_highest,
         _mock_update_latest,
     ) -> None:
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ class TestRetryRelease(unittest.TestCase):
 
         retry_release(pyproject_path="pyproject.toml", preview=False)
 
-        mock_run.assert_called_once_with(
-            ["push", "origin", "main", "v2.0.0"], preview=False
+        mock_push.assert_called_once_with(
+            ".", [], sign=True, refs=("v2.0.0",), preview=False
         )
 
 

tests/unit/pkgmgr/actions/release/test_versioning.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import os
+import tempfile
 import unittest
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
@@ -11,12 +13,23 @@ from pkgmgr.core.version.semver import SemVer
 
 
 class TestDetermineCurrentVersion(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        self.repo = self._tmp.name
+
+    def tearDown(self) -> None:
+        self._tmp.cleanup()
+
+    def _write(self, name: str, content: str) -> None:
+        with open(os.path.join(self.repo, name), "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            f.write(content)
+
     @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.versioning.get_tags", return_value=[])
     def test_determine_current_version_no_tags_returns_zero(
         self,
         mock_get_tags,
     ) -> None:
-        ver = determine_current_version()
+        ver = determine_current_version(self.repo)
         self.assertIsInstance(ver, SemVer)
         self.assertEqual((ver.major, ver.minor, ver.patch), (0, 0, 0))
         mock_get_tags.assert_called_once()
@@ -31,12 +44,29 @@ class TestDetermineCurrentVersion(unittest.TestCase):
         mock_get_tags.return_value = ["v0.1.0", "v1.2.3"]
         mock_find_latest_version.return_value = ("v1.2.3", SemVer(1, 2, 3))
 
-        ver = determine_current_version()
+        ver = determine_current_version(self.repo)
 
         self.assertEqual((ver.major, ver.minor, ver.patch), (1, 2, 3))
         mock_get_tags.assert_called_once()
         mock_find_latest_version.assert_called_once_with(["v0.1.0", "v1.2.3"])
 
+    @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.versioning.get_tags", return_value=["v0.3.0"])
+    def test_lagging_cargo_version_does_not_lower_the_base(self, _tags) -> None:
+        self._write("Cargo.toml", '[package]\nname = "x"\nversion = "0.1.0"\n')
+        self._write("CHANGELOG.md", "# Changelog\n\n## [0.3.0] - 2026-10-30\n")
+
+        self.assertEqual(determine_current_version(self.repo), SemVer(0, 3, 0))
+
+    @patch("pkgmgr.actions.release.versioning.get_tags", return_value=["v1.0.0"])
+    def test_file_ahead_of_the_tag_raises_the_base(self, _tags) -> None:
+        self._write("pyproject.toml", '[project]\nname = "x"\nversion = "1.4.0"\n')
+        self._write(
+            "CHANGELOG.md",
+            "# Changelog\n\n## [Unreleased]\n\n## [1.0.0] - 2026-10-01\n",
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(determine_current_version(self.repo), SemVer(1, 4, 0))
+
 
 class TestBumpSemVer(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_bump_semver_major(self) -> None: