Release version 1.5.0

- Handle missing or empty databases.csv gracefully with warnings and empty DataFrame
- Add unit tests for robust databases.csv loading behavior
- Adjust seed tests to assert warnings across multiple print calls
- Replace Debian docker.io with docker-ce-cli to avoid Docker API version mismatch
- Install required build tools (curl, gnupg) for Docker repo setup

https://chatgpt.com/share/697e6d9d-6458-800f-9d12-1e337509be4e

.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 __pycache__
 artifacts/
 *.egg-info
-dist/
+dist/
+build/

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
+## [1.5.0] - 2026-01-31
+
+* * Make `databases.csv` optional: missing or empty files now emit warnings and no longer break backups
+* Fix Docker CLI compatibility by switching to `docker-ce-cli` and required build tools
+
+
+## [1.4.0] - 2026-01-31
+
+* Baudolo now restarts Docker Compose stacks in a wrapper-aware way (with a `docker compose` fallback), ensuring that all Compose overrides and env files are applied identically to the Infinito.Nexus workflow.
+
+
 ## [1.3.0] - 2026-01-10
 
 * Empty databases.csv no longer causes baudolo-seed to fail

Dockerfile

@@ -3,32 +3,35 @@ FROM python:3.11-slim
 
 WORKDIR /app
 
-# Runtime + build essentials:
+# Base deps for build/runtime + docker repo key
-# - rsync: required for file backup/restore
-# - ca-certificates: TLS
-# - docker-cli: needed if you want to control the host Docker engine (via /var/run/docker.sock mount)
-# - make: to delegate install logic to Makefile
-#
-# Notes:
-# - On Debian slim, the docker client package is typically "docker.io".
-# - If you only want restore-without-docker, you can drop docker.io later.
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     make \
     rsync \
     ca-certificates \
-    docker-cli \
+    bash \
+    curl \
+    gnupg \
   && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
+# Install Docker CLI (docker-ce-cli) from Docker's official apt repo
+RUN bash -lc "set -euo pipefail \
+  && install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings \
+  && curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg \
+     | gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg \
+  && chmod a+r /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg \
+  && . /etc/os-release \
+  && echo \"deb [arch=\$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian \${VERSION_CODENAME} stable\" \
+     > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list \
+  && apt-get update \
+  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends docker-ce-cli \
+  && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*"
+
 # Fail fast if docker client is missing
+RUN docker version || true
 RUN command -v docker
 
 COPY . .
-
-# All install decisions are handled by the Makefile.
 RUN make install
 
-# Sensible defaults (can be overridden at runtime)
 ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1
-
-# Default: show CLI help
 CMD ["baudolo", "--help"]

Makefile

@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ test: test-unit test-integration test-e2e
 test-unit: clean build
 	@echo ">> Running unit tests"
 	@docker run --rm -t $(IMAGE) \
-	  sh -lc 'python -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/unit -p "test_*.py" -v'
+	  bash -lc 'python -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/unit -p "test_*.py" -v'
 
 test-integration: clean build
 	@echo ">> Running integration tests"
 	@docker run --rm -t $(IMAGE) \
-	  sh -lc 'python -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/integration -p "test_*.py" -v'
+	  bash -lc 'python -m unittest discover -t . -s tests/integration -p "test_*.py" -v'

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "backup-docker-to-local"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.5.0"
 description = "Backup Docker volumes to local with rsync and optional DB dumps."
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.9"

scripts/test-e2e.sh

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ dump_debug() {
   docker -H "${DIND_HOST}" run --rm \
     -v "${E2E_TMP_VOL}:/tmp" \
     alpine:3.20 \
-    sh -lc 'cd /tmp && tar -czf /out.tar.gz . || true' \
+    bash -lc 'cd /tmp && tar -czf /out.tar.gz . || true' \
     >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
 
   # The above writes inside the container FS, not to host. So do it properly:
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ dump_debug() {
   local tmpc="baudolo-e2e-tmpdump-${TS}"
   docker -H "${DIND_HOST}" rm -f "${tmpc}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
   docker -H "${DIND_HOST}" create --name "${tmpc}" -v "${E2E_TMP_VOL}:/tmp" alpine:3.20 \
-    sh -lc 'cd /tmp && tar -czf /tmpdump.tar.gz . || true' >/dev/null
+    bash -lc 'cd /tmp && tar -czf /tmpdump.tar.gz . || true' >/dev/null
   docker -H "${DIND_HOST}" start -a "${tmpc}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
   docker -H "${DIND_HOST}" cp "${tmpc}:/tmpdump.tar.gz" "${ARTIFACTS_DIR}/e2e-tmp-${TS}.tar.gz" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
   docker -H "${DIND_HOST}" rm -f "${tmpc}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ if [ "${DEBUG_SHELL}" = "1" ]; then
     -v "${DIND_VOL}:/var/lib/docker:ro" \
     -v "${E2E_TMP_VOL}:/tmp" \
     "${IMG}" \
-    sh -lc '
+    bash -lc '
       set -e
       if [ ! -f /etc/machine-id ]; then
         mkdir -p /etc
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ if [ "${DEBUG_SHELL}" = "1" ]; then
       fi
       echo ">> DOCKER_HOST=${DOCKER_HOST}"
       docker ps -a || true
-      exec sh
+      exec bash
     '
   rc=$?
 else
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ else
     -v "${DIND_VOL}:/var/lib/docker:ro" \
     -v "${E2E_TMP_VOL}:/tmp" \
     "${IMG}" \
-    sh -lc '
+    bash -lc '
     set -euo pipefail
     set -x
     export PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1

src/baudolo/backup/app.py

@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 import pathlib
+import sys
 from datetime import datetime
 
 import pandas
 from dirval import create_stamp_file
+from pandas.errors import EmptyDataError
 
 from .cli import parse_args
 from .compose import handle_docker_compose_services
@@ -96,6 +98,42 @@ def backup_mariadb_or_postgres(
     return False, False
 
 
+def _empty_databases_df() -> "pandas.DataFrame":
+    """
+    Create an empty DataFrame with the expected schema for databases.csv.
+
+    This allows the backup to continue without DB dumps when the CSV is missing
+    or empty (pandas EmptyDataError).
+    """
+    return pandas.DataFrame(columns=["instance", "database", "username", "password"])
+
+
+def _load_databases_df(csv_path: str) -> "pandas.DataFrame":
+    """
+    Load databases.csv robustly.
+
+    - Missing file     -> warn, continue with empty df
+    - Empty file       -> warn, continue with empty df
+    - Valid CSV        -> return dataframe
+    """
+    try:
+        return pandas.read_csv(csv_path, sep=";", keep_default_na=False, dtype=str)
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        print(
+            f"WARNING: databases.csv not found: {csv_path}. Continuing without database dumps.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+            flush=True,
+        )
+        return _empty_databases_df()
+    except EmptyDataError:
+        print(
+            f"WARNING: databases.csv exists but is empty: {csv_path}. Continuing without database dumps.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+            flush=True,
+        )
+        return _empty_databases_df()
+
+
 def _backup_dumps_for_volume(
     *,
     containers: list[str],
@@ -136,9 +174,10 @@ def main() -> int:
     # IMPORTANT:
     # - keep_default_na=False prevents empty fields from turning into NaN
     # - dtype=str keeps all columns stable for comparisons/validation
-    databases_df = pandas.read_csv(
+    #
-        args.databases_csv, sep=";", keep_default_na=False, dtype=str
+    # Robust behavior:
-    )
+    # - if the file is missing or empty, we continue without DB dumps.
+    databases_df = _load_databases_df(args.databases_csv)
 
     print("💾 Start volume backups...", flush=True)
 
@@ -168,7 +207,8 @@ def main() -> int:
             if found_db:
                 if not dumped_any:
                     print(
-                        f"WARNING: dump-only-sql requested but no DB dump was produced for DB volume '{volume_name}'. Falling back to file backup.",
+                        f"WARNING: dump-only-sql requested but no DB dump was produced for DB volume '{volume_name}'. "
+                        "Falling back to file backup.",
                         flush=True,
                     )
                     # fall through to file backup below

src/baudolo/backup/compose.py

@@ -1,13 +1,104 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
+import shutil
 import subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+
+def _detect_env_file(project_dir: Path) -> Optional[Path]:
+    """
+    Detect Compose env file in a directory.
+    Preference (same as Infinito.Nexus wrapper):
+      1) <dir>/.env (file)
+      2) <dir>/.env/env (file)  (legacy layout)
+    """
+    c1 = project_dir / ".env"
+    if c1.is_file():
+        return c1
+
+    c2 = project_dir / ".env" / "env"
+    if c2.is_file():
+        return c2
+
+    return None
+
+
+def _detect_compose_files(project_dir: Path) -> List[Path]:
+    """
+    Detect Compose file stack in a directory (same as Infinito.Nexus wrapper).
+    Always requires docker-compose.yml.
+    Optionals:
+      - docker-compose.override.yml
+      - docker-compose.ca.override.yml
+    """
+    base = project_dir / "docker-compose.yml"
+    if not base.is_file():
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f"Missing docker-compose.yml in: {project_dir}")
+
+    files = [base]
+
+    override = project_dir / "docker-compose.override.yml"
+    if override.is_file():
+        files.append(override)
+
+    ca_override = project_dir / "docker-compose.ca.override.yml"
+    if ca_override.is_file():
+        files.append(ca_override)
+
+    return files
+
+
+def _compose_wrapper_path() -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Prefer the Infinito.Nexus compose wrapper if present.
+    Equivalent to: `which compose`
+    """
+    return shutil.which("compose")
+
+
+def _build_compose_cmd(project_dir: str, passthrough: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    Build the compose command for this project directory.
+
+    Behavior:
+    - If `compose` wrapper exists: use it with --chdir (so it resolves -f/--env-file itself)
+    - Else: use `docker compose` and replicate wrapper's file/env detection.
+    """
+    pdir = Path(project_dir).resolve()
+
+    wrapper = _compose_wrapper_path()
+    if wrapper:
+        # Wrapper defaults project name to basename of --chdir.
+        # "--" ensures wrapper stops parsing its own args.
+        return [wrapper, "--chdir", str(pdir), "--", *passthrough]
+
+    # Fallback: pure docker compose, but mirror wrapper behavior.
+    files = _detect_compose_files(pdir)
+    env_file = _detect_env_file(pdir)
+
+    cmd: List[str] = ["docker", "compose"]
+    for f in files:
+        cmd += ["-f", str(f)]
+    if env_file:
+        cmd += ["--env-file", str(env_file)]
+
+    cmd += passthrough
+    return cmd
 
 
 def hard_restart_docker_services(dir_path: str) -> None:
-    print(f"Hard restart docker-compose services in: {dir_path}", flush=True)
+    print(f"Hard restart compose services in: {dir_path}", flush=True)
-    subprocess.run(["docker-compose", "down"], cwd=dir_path, check=True)
+
-    subprocess.run(["docker-compose", "up", "-d"], cwd=dir_path, check=True)
+    down_cmd = _build_compose_cmd(dir_path, ["down"])
+    up_cmd = _build_compose_cmd(dir_path, ["up", "-d"])
+
+    print(">>> " + " ".join(down_cmd), flush=True)
+    subprocess.run(down_cmd, check=True)
+
+    print(">>> " + " ".join(up_cmd), flush=True)
+    subprocess.run(up_cmd, check=True)
 
 
 def handle_docker_compose_services(

tests/unit/backup/test_app_databases_csv.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import io
+import os
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from contextlib import redirect_stderr
+
+import pandas as pd
+
+# Adjust if your package name/import path differs.
+from baudolo.backup.app import _load_databases_df
+
+
+EXPECTED_COLUMNS = ["instance", "database", "username", "password"]
+
+
+class TestLoadDatabasesDf(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_missing_csv_is_handled_with_warning_and_empty_df(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            missing_path = os.path.join(td, "does-not-exist.csv")
+
+            buf = io.StringIO()
+            with redirect_stderr(buf):
+                df = _load_databases_df(missing_path)
+
+            stderr = buf.getvalue()
+            self.assertIn("WARNING:", stderr)
+            self.assertIn("databases.csv not found", stderr)
+
+            self.assertIsInstance(df, pd.DataFrame)
+            self.assertListEqual(list(df.columns), EXPECTED_COLUMNS)
+            self.assertTrue(df.empty)
+
+    def test_empty_csv_is_handled_with_warning_and_empty_df(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            empty_path = os.path.join(td, "databases.csv")
+            # Create an empty file (0 bytes)
+            with open(empty_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                f.write("")
+
+            buf = io.StringIO()
+            with redirect_stderr(buf):
+                df = _load_databases_df(empty_path)
+
+            stderr = buf.getvalue()
+            self.assertIn("WARNING:", stderr)
+            self.assertIn("exists but is empty", stderr)
+
+            self.assertIsInstance(df, pd.DataFrame)
+            self.assertListEqual(list(df.columns), EXPECTED_COLUMNS)
+            self.assertTrue(df.empty)
+
+    def test_valid_csv_loads_without_warning(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            csv_path = os.path.join(td, "databases.csv")
+
+            content = "instance;database;username;password\nmyapp;*;dbuser;secret\n"
+            with open(csv_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                f.write(content)
+
+            buf = io.StringIO()
+            with redirect_stderr(buf):
+                df = _load_databases_df(csv_path)
+
+            stderr = buf.getvalue()
+            self.assertEqual(stderr, "")  # no warning expected
+
+            self.assertIsInstance(df, pd.DataFrame)
+            self.assertListEqual(list(df.columns), EXPECTED_COLUMNS)
+            self.assertEqual(len(df), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(df.loc[0, "instance"], "myapp")
+            self.assertEqual(df.loc[0, "database"], "*")
+            self.assertEqual(df.loc[0, "username"], "dbuser")
+            self.assertEqual(df.loc[0, "password"], "secret")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

tests/unit/backup/test_compose.py

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+
+def _touch(p: Path) -> None:
+    p.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    # If the path already exists as a directory (e.g. ".env" created by ".env/env"),
+    # remove it so we can create a file with the same name.
+    if p.exists() and p.is_dir():
+        shutil.rmtree(p)
+
+    p.write_text("x", encoding="utf-8")
+
+
+def _setup_compose_dir(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+    name: str = "mailu",
+    *,
+    with_override: bool = False,
+    with_ca_override: bool = False,
+    env_layout: str | None = None,  # None | ".env" | ".env/env"
+) -> Path:
+    d = tmp_path / name
+    d.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    _touch(d / "docker-compose.yml")
+
+    if with_override:
+        _touch(d / "docker-compose.override.yml")
+
+    if with_ca_override:
+        _touch(d / "docker-compose.ca.override.yml")
+
+    if env_layout == ".env":
+        _touch(d / ".env")
+    elif env_layout == ".env/env":
+        _touch(d / ".env" / "env")
+
+    return d
+
+
+class TestCompose(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        from baudolo.backup import compose as mod
+
+        cls.compose_mod = mod
+
+    def test_detect_env_file_prefers_dotenv_over_legacy(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            tmp_path = Path(td)
+            d = _setup_compose_dir(tmp_path, env_layout=".env/env")
+            # Also create .env file -> should be preferred
+            _touch(d / ".env")
+
+            env_file = self.compose_mod._detect_env_file(d)
+            self.assertEqual(env_file, d / ".env")
+
+    def test_detect_env_file_uses_legacy_if_no_dotenv(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            tmp_path = Path(td)
+            d = _setup_compose_dir(tmp_path, env_layout=".env/env")
+
+            env_file = self.compose_mod._detect_env_file(d)
+            self.assertEqual(env_file, d / ".env" / "env")
+
+    def test_detect_compose_files_requires_base(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            tmp_path = Path(td)
+            d = tmp_path / "stack"
+            d.mkdir()
+
+            with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
+                self.compose_mod._detect_compose_files(d)
+
+    def test_detect_compose_files_includes_optional_overrides(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            tmp_path = Path(td)
+            d = _setup_compose_dir(
+                tmp_path,
+                with_override=True,
+                with_ca_override=True,
+            )
+
+            files = self.compose_mod._detect_compose_files(d)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                files,
+                [
+                    d / "docker-compose.yml",
+                    d / "docker-compose.override.yml",
+                    d / "docker-compose.ca.override.yml",
+                ],
+            )
+
+    def test_build_cmd_uses_wrapper_when_present(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            tmp_path = Path(td)
+            d = _setup_compose_dir(
+                tmp_path, with_override=True, with_ca_override=True, env_layout=".env"
+            )
+
+            with patch.object(
+                self.compose_mod.shutil, "which", lambda name: "/usr/local/bin/compose"
+            ):
+                cmd = self.compose_mod._build_compose_cmd(str(d), ["up", "-d"])
+
+            self.assertEqual(
+                cmd,
+                [
+                    "/usr/local/bin/compose",
+                    "--chdir",
+                    str(d.resolve()),
+                    "--",
+                    "up",
+                    "-d",
+                ],
+            )
+
+    def test_build_cmd_fallback_docker_compose_with_all_files_and_env(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            tmp_path = Path(td)
+            d = _setup_compose_dir(
+                tmp_path,
+                with_override=True,
+                with_ca_override=True,
+                env_layout=".env",
+            )
+
+            with patch.object(self.compose_mod.shutil, "which", lambda name: None):
+                cmd = self.compose_mod._build_compose_cmd(
+                    str(d), ["up", "-d", "--force-recreate"]
+                )
+
+            expected: List[str] = [
+                "docker",
+                "compose",
+                "-f",
+                str((d / "docker-compose.yml").resolve()),
+                "-f",
+                str((d / "docker-compose.override.yml").resolve()),
+                "-f",
+                str((d / "docker-compose.ca.override.yml").resolve()),
+                "--env-file",
+                str((d / ".env").resolve()),
+                "up",
+                "-d",
+                "--force-recreate",
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(cmd, expected)
+
+    def test_hard_restart_calls_run_twice_with_correct_cmds_wrapper(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            tmp_path = Path(td)
+            d = _setup_compose_dir(tmp_path, name="mailu", env_layout=".env")
+
+            with patch.object(
+                self.compose_mod.shutil, "which", lambda name: "/usr/local/bin/compose"
+            ):
+                calls = []
+
+                def fake_run(cmd, check: bool):
+                    calls.append((cmd, check))
+                    return 0
+
+                with patch.object(self.compose_mod.subprocess, "run", fake_run):
+                    self.compose_mod.hard_restart_docker_services(str(d))
+
+            self.assertEqual(
+                calls,
+                [
+                    (
+                        [
+                            "/usr/local/bin/compose",
+                            "--chdir",
+                            str(d.resolve()),
+                            "--",
+                            "down",
+                        ],
+                        True,
+                    ),
+                    (
+                        [
+                            "/usr/local/bin/compose",
+                            "--chdir",
+                            str(d.resolve()),
+                            "--",
+                            "up",
+                            "-d",
+                        ],
+                        True,
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+
+    def test_hard_restart_calls_run_twice_with_correct_cmds_fallback(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            tmp_path = Path(td)
+            d = _setup_compose_dir(
+                tmp_path,
+                name="mailu",
+                with_override=True,
+                with_ca_override=True,
+                env_layout=".env/env",
+            )
+
+            with patch.object(self.compose_mod.shutil, "which", lambda name: None):
+                calls = []
+
+                def fake_run(cmd, check: bool):
+                    calls.append((cmd, check))
+                    return 0
+
+                with patch.object(self.compose_mod.subprocess, "run", fake_run):
+                    self.compose_mod.hard_restart_docker_services(str(d))
+
+            down_cmd = calls[0][0]
+            up_cmd = calls[1][0]
+
+            self.assertTrue(calls[0][1] is True)
+            self.assertTrue(calls[1][1] is True)
+
+            self.assertEqual(down_cmd[0:2], ["docker", "compose"])
+            self.assertEqual(down_cmd[-1], "down")
+            self.assertIn("--env-file", down_cmd)
+
+            self.assertEqual(up_cmd[0:2], ["docker", "compose"])
+            self.assertTrue(up_cmd[-2:] == ["up", "-d"] or up_cmd[-3:] == ["up", "-d"])
+            self.assertIn("--env-file", up_cmd)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main(verbosity=2)

tests/unit/seed/test_main.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# tests/unit/src/baudolo/seed/test_main.py
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import unittest
@@ -33,6 +32,30 @@ class TestSeedMain(unittest.TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             seed_main._validate_database_value("bad name", instance="x")
 
+    def _mock_df_mask_any(self, *, any_value: bool) -> MagicMock:
+        """
+        Build a DataFrame-like mock such that:
+          mask = (df["instance"] == instance) & (df["database"] == database)
+          mask.any() returns any_value
+        """
+        df = MagicMock(spec=pd.DataFrame)
+
+        left = MagicMock()
+        right = MagicMock()
+
+        mask = MagicMock()
+        mask.any.return_value = any_value
+
+        # (left & right) => mask
+        left.__and__.return_value = mask
+
+        # df["instance"] / df["database"] => return objects whose == produces left/right
+        col = MagicMock()
+        col.__eq__.side_effect = [left, right]
+        df.__getitem__.return_value = col
+
+        return df
+
     @patch("baudolo.seed.__main__.os.path.exists", return_value=False)
     @patch("baudolo.seed.__main__.pd.read_csv")
     @patch("baudolo.seed.__main__._empty_df")
@@ -44,11 +67,7 @@ class TestSeedMain(unittest.TestCase):
         read_csv: MagicMock,
         exists: MagicMock,
     ) -> None:
-        df_existing = MagicMock(spec=pd.DataFrame)
+        df_existing = self._mock_df_mask_any(any_value=False)
-        series_mask = MagicMock()
-        series_mask.any.return_value = False
-
-        df_existing.__getitem__.return_value = series_mask  # for df["instance"] etc.
         empty_df.return_value = df_existing
 
         df_out = MagicMock(spec=pd.DataFrame)
@@ -82,16 +101,7 @@ class TestSeedMain(unittest.TestCase):
         read_csv: MagicMock,
         exists: MagicMock,
     ) -> None:
-        """
+        df_existing = self._mock_df_mask_any(any_value=False)
-        Key regression test:
-        If file exists but is empty => warn, create header columns, then proceed.
-        """
-        df_existing = MagicMock(spec=pd.DataFrame)
-        series_mask = MagicMock()
-        series_mask.any.return_value = False
-
-        # emulate df["instance"] and df["database"] usage
-        df_existing.__getitem__.return_value = series_mask
         empty_df.return_value = df_existing
 
         df_out = MagicMock(spec=pd.DataFrame)
@@ -108,15 +118,23 @@ class TestSeedMain(unittest.TestCase):
         exists.assert_called_once_with("/tmp/databases.csv")
         read_csv.assert_called_once()
         empty_df.assert_called_once()
-
-        # warning was printed to stderr
-        self.assertTrue(print_.called)
-        args, kwargs = print_.call_args
-        self.assertIn("WARNING: databases.csv exists but is empty", args[0])
-        self.assertIn("file", kwargs)
-        self.assertEqual(kwargs["file"], seed_main.sys.stderr)
-
         concat.assert_called_once()
+
+        # Assert: at least one print call contains the WARNING and prints to stderr
+        warning_calls = []
+        for call in print_.call_args_list:
+            args, kwargs = call
+            if args and "WARNING: databases.csv exists but is empty" in str(args[0]):
+                warning_calls.append((args, kwargs))
+
+        self.assertTrue(
+            warning_calls,
+            "Expected a WARNING print when databases.csv is empty, but none was found.",
+        )
+        # Ensure the warning goes to stderr
+        _, warn_kwargs = warning_calls[0]
+        self.assertEqual(warn_kwargs.get("file"), seed_main.sys.stderr)
+
         df_out.to_csv.assert_called_once_with(
             "/tmp/databases.csv", sep=";", index=False
         )
@@ -128,22 +146,7 @@ class TestSeedMain(unittest.TestCase):
         read_csv: MagicMock,
         exists: MagicMock,
     ) -> None:
-        df = MagicMock(spec=pd.DataFrame)
+        df = self._mock_df_mask_any(any_value=True)
-
-        # mask.any() => True triggers update branch
-        mask = MagicMock()
-        mask.any.return_value = True
-
-        # df["instance"] etc => return something that supports comparisons;
-        # simplest: just return an object that makes mask flow work.
-        df.__getitem__.return_value = MagicMock()
-        # Force the computed mask to be our mask
-        # by making (df["instance"] == instance) & (df["database"] == database) return `mask`
-        left = MagicMock()
-        right = MagicMock()
-        left.__and__.return_value = mask
-        df.__getitem__.return_value.__eq__.side_effect = [left, right]  # two == calls
-
         read_csv.return_value = df
 
         seed_main.check_and_add_entry(
@@ -154,9 +157,6 @@ class TestSeedMain(unittest.TestCase):
             password="pass",
         )
 
-        # update branch: df.loc[mask, ["username","password"]] = ...
-        # we can't easily assert the assignment, but we can assert .loc was accessed
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(df, "loc"))
         df.to_csv.assert_called_once_with("/tmp/databases.csv", sep=";", index=False)
 
     @patch("baudolo.seed.__main__.check_and_add_entry")
@@ -205,7 +205,6 @@ class TestSeedMain(unittest.TestCase):
 
         seed_main.main()
 
-        # prints error to stderr and exits with 1
         self.assertTrue(print_.called)
         _, kwargs = print_.call_args
         self.assertEqual(kwargs.get("file"), seed_main.sys.stderr)
@@ -213,4 +212,4 @@ class TestSeedMain(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()
+    unittest.main(verbosity=2)