Added emoji

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+github: kevinveenbirkenbach
+
+patreon: kevinveenbirkenbach
+
+buy_me_a_coffee: kevinveenbirkenbach
+
+custom: https://s.veen.world/paypaldonate

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 databases.csv
+__pycache__

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+.PHONY: test
+
+test:
+	python -m unittest discover -s tests/unit -p "test_*.py"

README.md

@@ -1,67 +1,101 @@
-# Backup Docker Volumes to Local
+# Backup Docker Volumes to Local (baudolo) 📦🔄
-[![License: GPL v3](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-GPL%20v3-blue.svg)](./LICENSE.txt)
+[![GitHub Sponsors](https://img.shields.io/badge/Sponsor-GitHub%20Sponsors-blue?logo=github)](https://github.com/sponsors/kevinveenbirkenbach) [![Patreon](https://img.shields.io/badge/Support-Patreon-orange?logo=patreon)](https://www.patreon.com/c/kevinveenbirkenbach) [![Buy Me a Coffee](https://img.shields.io/badge/Buy%20me%20a%20Coffee-Funding-yellow?logo=buymeacoffee)](https://buymeacoffee.com/kevinveenbirkenbach) [![PayPal](https://img.shields.io/badge/Donate-PayPal-blue?logo=paypal)](https://s.veen.world/paypaldonate)
 
-## goal
-This script backups all docker-volumes with the help of rsync.
 
-## scheme
+**Backup Docker Volumes to Local** is a set of Python and shell scripts that enable you to perform incremental backups of all your Docker volumes using rsync. It is designed to integrate seamlessly with [Kevin's Package Manager](https://github.com/kevinveenbirkenbach/package-manager) under the alias **baudolo**, making it easy to install and manage. The tool supports both file and database recoveries with a clear, automated backup scheme.
-It is part of the following scheme:
-![backup scheme](https://www.veen.world/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/server-backup-768x567.jpg)
-Further information you will find [in this blog post](https://www.veen.world/2020/12/26/how-i-backup-dedicated-root-servers/).
 
-## Backup all volumes
+[![License: AGPL v3](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-AGPL%20v3-blue.svg)](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0) [![Docker Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Docker-Yes-blue.svg)](https://www.docker.com) [![Python Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Python-3.x-blue.svg)](https://www.python.org) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/kevinveenbirkenbach/backup-docker-to-local.svg?style=social)](https://github.com/kevinveenbirkenbach/backup-docker-to-local/stargazers)
-Execute:
+
+## 🎯 Goal
+
+This project automates the backup of Docker volumes using incremental backups (rsync) and supports recovering both files and database dumps (MariaDB/PostgreSQL). A robust directory stamping mechanism ensures data integrity, and the tool also handles restarting Docker Compose services when necessary.
+
+## 🚀 Features
+
+- **Incremental Backups:** Uses rsync with `--link-dest` for efficient, versioned backups.
+- **Database Backup Support:** Backs up MariaDB and PostgreSQL databases from running containers.
+- **Volume Recovery:** Provides scripts to recover volumes and databases from backups.
+- **Docker Compose Integration:** Option to automatically restart Docker Compose services after backup.
+- **Flexible Configuration:** Easily integrated with your Docker environment with minimal setup.
+- **Comprehensive Logging:** Detailed command output and error handling for safe operations.
+
+## 🛠 Requirements
+
+- **Linux Operating System** (with Docker installed) 🐧
+- **Python 3.x** 🐍
+- **Docker & Docker Compose** 🔧
+- **rsync** installed on your system
+
+## 📥 Installation
+
+You can install **Backup Docker Volumes to Local** easily via [Kevin's Package Manager](https://github.com/kevinveenbirkenbach/package-manager) using the alias **baudolo**:
+
+```bash
+pkgmgr install baudolo
+```
+
+Alternatively, clone the repository directly:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/kevinveenbirkenbach/backup-docker-to-local.git
+cd backup-docker-to-local
+```
+
+## 🚀 Usage
+
+### Backup All Volumes
+
+To backup all Docker volumes, simply run:
 
 ```bash
 ./backup-docker-to-local.sh
 ```
 
-## Recover
+### Recovery
 
-### database
+#### Recover Volume Files
-```bash
-  docker exec -i mysql_container mysql -uroot -psecret database < db.sql
-```
-
-### volume
-Execute:
 
 ```bash
-
 bash ./recover-docker-from-local.sh "{{volume_name}}" "$(sha256sum /etc/machine-id | head -c 64)" "{{version_to_recover}}"
-
 ```
 
-### Database
+#### Recover Database
 
-## Debug
+For example, to recover a MySQL/MariaDB database:
-To checkout what's going on in the mount container type in the following command:
+
+```bash
+docker exec -i mysql_container mysql -uroot -psecret database < db.sql
+```
+
+#### Debug Mode
+
+To inspect what’s happening inside a container:
 
 ```bash
 docker run -it --entrypoint /bin/sh --rm --volumes-from {{container_name}} -v /Backups/:/Backups/ kevinveenbirkenbach/alpine-rsync
 ```
 
-## Setup
+## 🔍 Backup Scheme
-Install pandas
 
-## Author
+The backup mechanism uses incremental backups with rsync and stamps directories with a unique hash. For more details on the backup scheme, check out [this blog post](https://blog.veen.world/blog/2020/12/26/how-i-backup-dedicated-root-servers/).  
+![Backup Scheme](https://blog.veen.world/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/server-backup-1024x755.jpg)
 
-Kevin Veen-Birkenbach  
+## 👨‍💻 Author
-- 📧 Email: [kevin@veen.world](mailto:kevin@veen.world)
-- 🌍 Website: [https://www.veen.world/](https://www.veen.world/)
 
-## License
+**Kevin Veen-Birkenbach**  
+- 📧 [kevin@veen.world](mailto:kevin@veen.world)  
+- 🌐 [https://www.veen.world/](https://www.veen.world/)
 
-This project is licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License v3.0. The full license text is available in the `LICENSE` file of this repository.
+## 📜 License
 
-## More information
+This project is licensed under the **GNU Affero General Public License v3.0**. See the [LICENSE](./LICENSE) file for details.
-- https://docs.docker.com/storage/volumes/
+
-- https://blog.ssdnodes.com/blog/docker-backup-volumes/
+## 🔗 More Information
-- https://www.baculasystems.com/blog/docker-backup-containers/
+
-- https://gist.github.com/spalladino/6d981f7b33f6e0afe6bb
+- [Docker Volumes Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/storage/volumes/)
-- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26331651/how-can-i-backup-a-docker-container-with-its-data-volumes
+- [Docker Backup Volumes Blog](https://blog.ssdnodes.com/blog/docker-backup-volumes/)
-- https://netfuture.ch/2013/08/simple-versioned-timemachine-like-backup-using-rsync/
+- [Backup Strategies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_backup#Incremental)
-- https://zwischenzugs.com/2016/08/29/bash-to-python-converter/
+
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_backup#Incremental
+---
-- https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/567837/linux-backup-utility-for-incremental-backups
+
-- https://chat.openai.com/share/6d10f143-3f7c-4feb-8ae9-5644c3433a65
+Happy Backing Up! 🚀🔐

Todo.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Todo
+- Verify that restore backup is correct implemented

backup-docker-to-local.py

@@ -1,121 +1,385 @@
 #!/bin/python
 # Backups volumes of running containers
-#
+
 import subprocess
 import os
 import re
 import pathlib
 import pandas
 from datetime import datetime
+import argparse
 
-class RsyncCode24Exception(Exception):
+class BackupException(Exception):
-    """Exception for rsync error code 24."""
+    """Generic exception for backup errors."""
-    """rsync warning: some files vanished before they could be transferred"""
     pass
 
-def bash(command):
+def execute_shell_command(command):
+    """Execute a shell command and return its output."""
     print(command)
-    process = subprocess.Popen([command], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
+    process = subprocess.Popen(
+        [command],
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+        shell=True
+    )
     out, err = process.communicate()
-    stdout = out.splitlines()
+    if process.returncode != 0:
-    stderr = err.decode("utf-8")
+        raise BackupException(
-    output = [line.decode("utf-8") for line in stdout]
+            f"Error in command: {command}\n"
+            f"Output: {out}\nError: {err}\n"
+            f"Exit code: {process.returncode}"
+        )
+    return [line.decode("utf-8") for line in out.splitlines()]
 
-    exitcode = process.wait()
+def create_version_directory():
-    if exitcode != 0:
+    """Create necessary directories for backup."""
-        print(f"Error in command: {command}\nOutput: {out}\nError: {err}\nExit code: {exitcode}")
+    version_dir = os.path.join(VERSIONS_DIR, BACKUP_TIME)
+    pathlib.Path(version_dir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    return version_dir
 
-        if "rsync" in command and exitcode == 24:
+def get_machine_id():
-            raise RsyncCode24Exception(f"rsync error code 24 encountered: {stderr}")
+    """Get the machine identifier."""
+    return execute_shell_command("sha256sum /etc/machine-id")[0][0:64]
 
-        raise Exception("Exit code is greater than 0")
+### GLOBAL CONFIGURATION ###
 
-    return output
+# Container names treated as special instances for database backups
+DATABASE_CONTAINERS = ['central-mariadb', 'central-postgres']
 
-def print_bash(command):
+# Images which do not require container stop for file backups
-    output = bash(command)
+IMAGES_NO_STOP_REQUIRED = []
-    print(list_to_string(output))
-    return output
 
+# Images to skip entirely
+IMAGES_NO_BACKUP_REQUIRED = []
 
-def list_to_string(list):
+# Compose dirs requiring hard restart
-    return str(' '.join(list))
+DOCKER_COMPOSE_HARD_RESTART_REQUIRED = ['mailu']
 
+# DEFINE CONSTANTS
+DIRNAME             = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+SCRIPTS_DIRECTORY   = pathlib.Path(os.path.realpath(__file__)).parent.parent
+DATABASES           = pandas.read_csv(os.path.join(DIRNAME, "databases.csv"), sep=";")
+REPOSITORY_NAME     = os.path.basename(DIRNAME)
+MACHINE_ID          = get_machine_id()
+BACKUPS_DIR         = '/Backups/'
+VERSIONS_DIR        = os.path.join(BACKUPS_DIR, MACHINE_ID, REPOSITORY_NAME)
+BACKUP_TIME         = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
+VERSION_DIR         = create_version_directory()
 
-print('start backup routine...')
+def get_instance(container):
-
+    """Extract the database instance name based on container name."""
-dirname = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+    if container in DATABASE_CONTAINERS:
-repository_name = os.path.basename(dirname)
+        instance_name = container
-# identifier of this backups
-machine_id = bash("sha256sum /etc/machine-id")[0][0:64]
-# Folder in which all Backups are stored
-backups_dir = '/Backups/'
-# Folder in which the versions off docker volume backups are stored
-versions_dir = backups_dir + machine_id + "/" + repository_name + "/"
-# Time when the backup started
-backup_time = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
-# Folder containing the current version
-version_dir = versions_dir + backup_time + "/"
-
-# Create folder to store version in
-pathlib.Path(version_dir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-print('start volume backups...')
-print('load connection data...')
-databases = pandas.read_csv(dirname + "/databases.csv", sep=";")
-volume_names = bash("docker volume ls --format '{{.Name}}'")
-for volume_name in volume_names:
-    print('start backup routine for volume: ' + volume_name)
-    containers = bash("docker ps --filter volume=\"" + volume_name + "\" --format '{{.Names}}'")
-    if len(containers) == 0:
-        print('skipped due to no running containers using this volume.')
     else:
-        container = containers[0]
+        instance_name = re.split("(_|-)(database|db|postgres)", container)[0]
-        # Folder to which the volumes are copied
+    print(f"Extracted instance name: {instance_name}")
-        volume_destination_dir = version_dir + volume_name
+    return instance_name
-        # Database name
+
-        database_name = re.split("(_|-)(database|db)", container)[0]
+def stamp_directory():
-        # Entries with database login data concerning this container
+    """Stamp a directory using directory-validator."""
-        databases_entries = databases.loc[databases['database'] == database_name]
+    stamp_command = (
-        # Exception for akaunting due to fast implementation
+        f"python {SCRIPTS_DIRECTORY}/directory-validator/"
-        if len(databases_entries) == 1 and container != 'akaunting':
+        f"directory-validator.py --stamp {VERSION_DIR}"
-            print("Backup database...")
+    )
-            mysqldump_destination_dir = volume_destination_dir + "/sql"
-            mysqldump_destination_file = mysqldump_destination_dir + "/backup.sql"
-            pathlib.Path(mysqldump_destination_dir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-            database_entry = databases_entries.iloc[0]
-            database_backup_command = "docker exec " + container + " /usr/bin/mariadb-dump -u " + database_entry["username"] + " -p" + database_entry["password"] + " " + database_entry["database"] + " > " + mysqldump_destination_file
-            print_bash(database_backup_command)
-        print("Backup files...")
-        files_rsync_destination_path = volume_destination_dir + "/files"
-        pathlib.Path(files_rsync_destination_path).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-        versions = os.listdir(versions_dir)
-        versions.sort(reverse=True)
-        if len(versions) > 1:
-            last_version = versions[1]
-            last_version_files_dir = versions_dir + last_version + "/" + volume_name + "/files"
-            if os.path.isdir(last_version_files_dir):
-                link_dest_parameter="--link-dest='" + last_version_files_dir + "' "
-            else:
-                print("No previous version exists in path "+ last_version_files_dir + ".")
-                link_dest_parameter=""
-        else:
-            print("No previous version exists in path "+ last_version_files_dir + ".")
-            link_dest_parameter=""
-        source_dir = "/var/lib/docker/volumes/" + volume_name + "/_data/"
-        rsync_command = "rsync -abP --delete --delete-excluded " + link_dest_parameter + source_dir + " " + files_rsync_destination_path
     try:
-            print_bash(rsync_command)
+        execute_shell_command(stamp_command)
-        except RsyncCode24Exception:
+        print(f"Successfully stamped directory: {VERSION_DIR}")
-             print("Ignoring rsync error code 24, proceeding with the next command.")
+    except BackupException as e:
-        print("stop containers...")
+        print(f"Error stamping directory {VERSION_DIR}: {e}")
-        print("Backup data after container is stopped...")
+        exit(1)
-        print_bash("docker stop " + list_to_string(containers))
+
-        print_bash(rsync_command)
+def backup_database(container, volume_dir, db_type):
-        print("start containers...")
+    """Backup database (MariaDB or PostgreSQL) if applicable."""
-        print_bash("docker start " + list_to_string(containers))
+    print(f"Starting database backup for {container} using {db_type}...")
-    print("end backup routine for volume:" + volume_name)
+    instance_name = get_instance(container)
-print('finished volume backups.')
+    database_entries = DATABASES.loc[DATABASES['instance'] == instance_name]
-print('restart docker service...')
+    if database_entries.empty:
-print_bash("systemctl restart docker")
+        raise BackupException(f"No entry found for instance '{instance_name}'")
-print('finished backup routine.')
+    for database_entry in database_entries.iloc:
+        database_name     = database_entry['database']
+        database_username = database_entry['username']
+        database_password = database_entry['password']
+        backup_destination_dir = os.path.join(volume_dir, "sql")
+        pathlib.Path(backup_destination_dir).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        backup_destination_file = os.path.join(
+            backup_destination_dir,
+            f"{database_name}.backup.sql"
+        )
+        if db_type == 'mariadb':
+            cmd = (
+                f"docker exec {container} "
+                f"/usr/bin/mariadb-dump -u {database_username} "
+                f"-p{database_password} {database_name} > {backup_destination_file}"
+            )
+            execute_shell_command(cmd)
+        if db_type == 'postgres':
+            cluster_file = os.path.join(
+                backup_destination_dir,
+                f"{instance_name}.cluster.backup.sql"
+            )
+            if not database_name:
+                fallback_pg_dumpall(
+                    container,
+                    database_username,
+                    database_password,
+                    cluster_file
+                )
+                return
+            try:
+                if database_password:
+                    cmd = (
+                        f"PGPASSWORD={database_password} docker exec -i {container} "
+                        f"pg_dump -U {database_username} -d {database_name} "
+                        f"-h localhost > {backup_destination_file}"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    cmd = (
+                        f"docker exec -i {container} pg_dump -U {database_username} "
+                        f"-d {database_name} -h localhost --no-password "
+                        f"> {backup_destination_file}"
+                    )
+                execute_shell_command(cmd)
+            except BackupException as e:
+                print(f"pg_dump failed: {e}")
+                print(f"Falling back to pg_dumpall for instance '{instance_name}'")
+                fallback_pg_dumpall(
+                    container,
+                    database_username,
+                    database_password,
+                    cluster_file
+                )
+        print(f"Database backup for database {container} completed.")
+
+def get_last_backup_dir(volume_name, current_backup_dir):
+    """Get the most recent backup directory for the specified volume."""
+    versions = sorted(os.listdir(VERSIONS_DIR), reverse=True)
+    for version in versions:
+        backup_dir = os.path.join(
+            VERSIONS_DIR, version, volume_name, "files", ""
+        )
+        if backup_dir != current_backup_dir and os.path.isdir(backup_dir):
+            return backup_dir
+    print(f"No previous backups available for volume: {volume_name}")
+    return None
+
+def getStoragePath(volume_name):
+    path = execute_shell_command(
+        f"docker volume inspect --format '{{{{ .Mountpoint }}}}' {volume_name}"
+    )[0]
+    return f"{path}/"
+
+def getFileRsyncDestinationPath(volume_dir):
+    path = os.path.join(volume_dir, "files")
+    return f"{path}/"
+
+def fallback_pg_dumpall(container, username, password, backup_destination_file):
+    """Fallback function to run pg_dumpall if pg_dump fails or no DB is defined."""
+    print(f"Running pg_dumpall for container '{container}'...")
+    cmd = (
+        f"PGPASSWORD={password} docker exec -i {container} "
+        f"pg_dumpall -U {username} -h localhost > {backup_destination_file}"
+    )
+    execute_shell_command(cmd)
+
+def backup_volume(volume_name, volume_dir):
+    """Perform incremental file backup of a Docker volume."""
+    try:
+        print(f"Starting backup routine for volume: {volume_name}")
+        dest = getFileRsyncDestinationPath(volume_dir)
+        pathlib.Path(dest).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        last = get_last_backup_dir(volume_name, dest)
+        link_dest = f"--link-dest='{last}'" if last else ""
+        source = getStoragePath(volume_name)
+        cmd = (
+            f"rsync -abP --delete --delete-excluded "
+            f"{link_dest} {source} {dest}"
+        )
+        execute_shell_command(cmd)
+    except BackupException as e:
+        if "file has vanished" in str(e):
+            print("Warning: Some files vanished before transfer. Continuing.")
+        else:
+            raise
+    print(f"Backup routine for volume: {volume_name} completed.")
+
+def get_image_info(container):
+    return execute_shell_command(
+        f"docker inspect --format '{{{{.Config.Image}}}}' {container}"
+    )
+
+def has_image(container, image):
+    """Check if the container is using the image"""
+    info = get_image_info(container)[0]
+    return image in info
+
+def change_containers_status(containers, status):
+    """Stop or start a list of containers."""
+    if containers:
+        names = ' '.join(containers)
+        print(f"{status.capitalize()} containers: {names}...")
+        execute_shell_command(f"docker {status} {names}")
+    else:
+        print(f"No containers to {status}.")
+
+def is_image_whitelisted(container, images):
+    """
+    Return True if the container's image matches any of the whitelist patterns.
+    Also prints out the image name and the match result.
+    """
+    # fetch the image (e.g. "nextcloud:23-fpm-alpine")
+    info = get_image_info(container)[0]
+
+    # check against each pattern
+    whitelisted = any(pattern in info for pattern in images)
+
+    # log the result
+    print(f"Container {container!r} → image {info!r} → whitelisted? {whitelisted}", flush=True)
+
+    return whitelisted
+
+def is_container_stop_required(containers):
+    """
+    Check if any of the containers are using images that are not whitelisted.
+    If so, print them out and return True; otherwise return False.
+    """
+    # Find all containers whose image isn’t on the whitelist
+    not_whitelisted = [
+        c for c in containers
+        if not is_image_whitelisted(c, IMAGES_NO_STOP_REQUIRED)
+    ]
+
+    if not_whitelisted:
+        print(f"Containers requiring stop because they are not whitelisted: {', '.join(not_whitelisted)}")
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+def create_volume_directory(volume_name):
+    """Create necessary directories for backup."""
+    path = os.path.join(VERSION_DIR, volume_name)
+    pathlib.Path(path).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    return path
+
+def is_image_ignored(container):
+    """Check if the container's image is one of the ignored images."""
+    return any(has_image(container, img) for img in IMAGES_NO_BACKUP_REQUIRED)
+
+def backup_with_containers_paused(volume_name, volume_dir, containers, shutdown):
+    change_containers_status(containers, 'stop')
+    backup_volume(volume_name, volume_dir)
+    if not shutdown:
+        change_containers_status(containers, 'start')
+
+def backup_mariadb_or_postgres(container, volume_dir):
+    """Performs database image specific backup procedures"""
+    for img in ['mariadb', 'postgres']:
+        if has_image(container, img):
+            backup_database(container, volume_dir, img)
+            return True
+    return False
+
+def default_backup_routine_for_volume(volume_name, containers, shutdown):
+    """Perform backup routine for a given volume."""
+    vol_dir = ""
+    for c in containers:
+        if is_image_ignored(c):
+            print(f"Ignoring volume '{volume_name}' linked to container '{c}'.")
+            continue
+        vol_dir = create_volume_directory(volume_name)
+        if backup_mariadb_or_postgres(c, vol_dir):
+            return
+    if vol_dir:
+        backup_volume(volume_name, vol_dir)
+        if is_container_stop_required(containers):
+            backup_with_containers_paused(volume_name, vol_dir, containers, shutdown)
+
+def backup_everything(volume_name, containers, shutdown):
+    """Perform file backup routine for a given volume."""
+    vol_dir = create_volume_directory(volume_name)
+    for c in containers:
+        backup_mariadb_or_postgres(c, vol_dir)
+    backup_volume(volume_name, vol_dir)
+    backup_with_containers_paused(volume_name, vol_dir, containers, shutdown)
+
+def hard_restart_docker_services(dir_path):
+    """Perform a hard restart of docker-compose services in the given directory."""
+    try:
+        print(f"Performing hard restart for docker-compose services in: {dir_path}")
+        subprocess.run(["docker-compose", "down"], cwd=dir_path, check=True)
+        subprocess.run(["docker-compose", "up", "-d"], cwd=dir_path, check=True)
+        print(f"Hard restart completed successfully in: {dir_path}")
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        print(f"Error during hard restart in {dir_path}: {e}")
+        exit(2)
+
+def handle_docker_compose_services(parent_directory):
+    """Iterate through directories and restart or hard restart services as needed."""
+    for entry in os.scandir(parent_directory):
+        if entry.is_dir():
+            dir_path = entry.path
+            name = os.path.basename(dir_path)
+            print(f"Checking directory: {dir_path}")
+            compose_file = os.path.join(dir_path, "docker-compose.yml")
+            if os.path.isfile(compose_file):
+                print(f"Found docker-compose.yml in {dir_path}.")
+                if name in DOCKER_COMPOSE_HARD_RESTART_REQUIRED:
+                    print(f"Directory {name} detected. Performing hard restart...")
+                    hard_restart_docker_services(dir_path)
+                else:
+                    print(f"No restart required for services in {dir_path}...")
+            else:
+                print(f"No docker-compose.yml found in {dir_path}. Skipping.")
+
+def main():
+    global DATABASE_CONTAINERS, IMAGES_NO_STOP_REQUIRED
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Backup Docker volumes.')
+    parser.add_argument('--everything', action='store_true',
+                        help='Force file backup for all volumes and additional execute database dumps')
+    parser.add_argument('--shutdown', action='store_true',
+                        help='Doesn\'t restart containers after backup')
+    parser.add_argument('--compose-dir', type=str, required=True,
+                        help='Path to the parent directory containing docker-compose setups')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--database-containers',
+        nargs='+',
+        required=True,
+        help='List of container names treated as special instances for database backups'
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--images-no-stop-required',
+        nargs='+',
+        required=True,
+        help='List of image names for which containers should not be stopped during file backup'
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--images-no-backup-required',
+        nargs='+',
+        help='List of image names for which no backup should be performed (optional)'
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    DATABASE_CONTAINERS = args.database_containers
+    IMAGES_NO_STOP_REQUIRED = args.images_no_stop_required
+    if args.images_no_backup_required is not None:
+        global IMAGES_NO_BACKUP_REQUIRED
+        IMAGES_NO_BACKUP_REQUIRED = args.images_no_backup_required
+
+    print('💾 Start volume backups...', flush=True)
+    volume_names = execute_shell_command("docker volume ls --format '{{.Name}}'")
+    for volume_name in volume_names:
+        print(f'Start backup routine for volume: {volume_name}')
+        containers = execute_shell_command(
+            f"docker ps --filter volume=\"{volume_name}\" --format '{{{{.Names}}}}'"
+        )
+        if args.everything:
+            backup_everything(volume_name, containers, args.shutdown)
+        else:
+            default_backup_routine_for_volume(volume_name, containers, args.shutdown)
+
+    stamp_directory()
+    print('Finished volume backups.')
+
+    print('Handling Docker Compose services...')
+    handle_docker_compose_services(args.compose_dir)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

database_entry_seeder.py

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import pandas as pd
+import argparse
+import os
+
+def check_and_add_entry(file_path, instance, database, username, password):
+    # Check if the file exists and is not empty
+    if os.path.exists(file_path) and os.path.getsize(file_path) > 0:
+        # Read the existing CSV file with header
+        df = pd.read_csv(file_path, sep=';')
+    else:
+        # Create a new DataFrame with columns if file does not exist
+        df = pd.DataFrame(columns=['instance', 'database', 'username', 'password'])
+
+    # Check if the entry exists and remove it
+    mask = (
+        (df['instance'] == instance) &
+        ((df['database'] == database) |
+        (((df['database'].isna()) | (df['database'] == '')) & (database == ''))) &
+        (df['username'] == username)
+    )
+
+    if not df[mask].empty:
+        print("Replacing existing entry.")
+        df = df[~mask]
+    else:
+        print("Adding new entry.")
+
+    # Create a new DataFrame for the new entry
+    new_entry = pd.DataFrame([{'instance': instance, 'database': database, 'username': username, 'password': password}])
+
+    # Add (or replace) the entry using concat
+    df = pd.concat([df, new_entry], ignore_index=True)
+
+    # Save the updated CSV file
+    df.to_csv(file_path, sep=';', index=False)
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Check and replace (or add) a database entry in a CSV file.")
+    parser.add_argument("file_path", help="Path to the CSV file")
+    parser.add_argument("instance", help="Database instance")
+    parser.add_argument("database", help="Database name")
+    parser.add_argument("username", help="Username")
+    parser.add_argument("password", nargs='?', default="", help="Password (optional)")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    check_and_add_entry(args.file_path, args.instance, args.database, args.username, args.password)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

recover-docker-from-local.sh

@@ -8,13 +8,50 @@ fi
 
 volume_name="$1"                # Volume-Name
 backup_hash="$2"                # Hashed Machine ID
-version="$3"              # version to backup
+version="$3"                    # version to recover
-container="${4:-}"        # optional
+
-mysql_root_password="${5:-}"  # optional
+# DATABASE PARAMETERS
-database="${6:-}"         # optional
+database_type="$4"              # Valid values; mariadb, postgress
+database_container="$5"         # optional
+database_password="$6"          # optional
+database_name="$7"              # optional
+database_user="$database_name"  
+
+
 backup_folder="Backups/$backup_hash/backup-docker-to-local/$version/$volume_name"
 backup_files="/$backup_folder/files"
-backup_sql="/$backup_folder/sql/backup.sql"
+backup_sql="/$backup_folder/sql/$database_name.backup.sql"
+
+# DATABASE RECOVERY
+
+if [ ! -z "$database_type" ]; then
+  if [ "$database_type" = "postgres" ]; then
+    if [ -n "$database_container" ] && [ -n "$database_password" ] && [ -n "$database_name" ]; then
+      echo "Recover PostgreSQL dump"
+      export PGPASSWORD="$database_password"
+      cat "$backup_sql" | docker exec -i "$database_container" psql -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1 -U "$database_user" -d "$database_name"
+      if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+          echo "ERROR: Failed to recover PostgreSQL dump"
+          exit 1
+      fi
+      exit 0
+    fi
+  elif [ "$database_type" = "mariadb" ]; then
+    if [ -n "$database_container" ] && [ -n "$database_password" ] && [ -n "$database_name" ]; then
+      echo "recover mysql dump"
+      cat "$backup_sql" | docker exec -i "$database_container" mariadb -u "$database_user" --password="$database_password" "$database_name"
+      if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+          echo "ERROR: Failed to recover mysql dump"
+          exit 1
+      fi
+      exit 0
+    fi
+  fi
+  echo "A database backup exists, but a parameter is missing."
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+# FILE RECOVERY
 
 echo "Inspect volume $volume_name"
 docker volume inspect "$volume_name"
@@ -31,19 +68,6 @@ else
     fi
 fi
 
-if [ -f "$backup_sql" ]; then
-  if [ -n "$container" ] && [ -n "$mysql_root_password" ] && [ -n "$database" ]; then
-    echo "recover mysql dump"
-    cat "$backup_sql" | docker exec -i "$container" mariadb -u root --password="$mysql_root_password" "$database"
-    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
-        echo "ERROR: Failed to recover mysql dump"
-        exit 1
-    fi
-    exit 0
-  fi
-  echo "A database backup exists, but a parameter is missing. Files will be recovered instead."
-fi 
-
 if [ -d "$backup_files" ]; then    
   echo "recover files"
   docker run --rm -v "$volume_name:/recover/" -v "$backup_files:/backup/" "kevinveenbirkenbach/alpine-rsync" sh -c "rsync -avv --delete /backup/ /recover/"

requirements.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pacman:
+  - lsof
+  - python-pandas

restore_backup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# @todo Not tested yet. Needs to be tested
+"""
+restore_backup.py
+
+A script to recover Docker volumes and database dumps from local backups.
+Supports an --empty flag to clear the database objects before import (drops all tables/functions etc.).
+"""
+import argparse
+import os
+import sys
+import subprocess
+
+
+def run_command(cmd, capture_output=False, input=None, **kwargs):
+    """Run a subprocess command and handle errors."""
+    try:
+        result = subprocess.run(cmd, check=True, capture_output=capture_output, input=input, **kwargs)
+        return result
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+        print(f"ERROR: Command '{' '.join(cmd)}' failed with exit code {e.returncode}")
+        if e.stdout:
+            print(e.stdout.decode())
+        if e.stderr:
+            print(e.stderr.decode())
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def recover_postgres(container, password, db_name, user, backup_sql, empty=False):
+    print("Recovering PostgreSQL dump...")
+    os.environ['PGPASSWORD'] = password
+    if empty:
+        print("Dropping existing PostgreSQL objects...")
+        # Drop all tables, views, sequences, functions in public schema
+        drop_sql = """
+DO $$ DECLARE r RECORD;
+BEGIN
+  FOR r IN (
+    SELECT table_name AS name, 'TABLE' AS type FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema='public'
+    UNION ALL
+    SELECT routine_name AS name, 'FUNCTION' AS type FROM information_schema.routines WHERE specific_schema='public'
+    UNION ALL
+    SELECT sequence_name AS name, 'SEQUENCE' AS type FROM information_schema.sequences WHERE sequence_schema='public'
+  ) LOOP
+    -- Use %s for type to avoid quoting the SQL keyword
+    EXECUTE format('DROP %s public.%I CASCADE', r.type, r.name);
+  END LOOP;
+END
+$$;
+"""
+        run_command([
+            'docker', 'exec', '-i', container,
+            'psql', '-v', 'ON_ERROR_STOP=1', '-U', user, '-d', db_name
+        ], input=drop_sql.encode())
+        print("Existing objects dropped.")
+    print("Importing the dump...")
+    with open(backup_sql, 'rb') as f:
+        run_command([
+            'docker', 'exec', '-i', container,
+            'psql', '-v', 'ON_ERROR_STOP=1', '-U', user, '-d', db_name
+        ], stdin=f)
+    print("PostgreSQL recovery complete.")
+
+
+def recover_mariadb(container, password, db_name, user, backup_sql, empty=False):
+    print("Recovering MariaDB dump...")
+    if empty:
+        print("Dropping existing MariaDB tables...")
+        # Disable foreign key checks
+        run_command([
+            'docker', 'exec', container,
+            'mysql', '-u', user, f"--password={password}", '-e', 'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0;'
+        ])
+        # Get all table names
+        result = run_command([
+            'docker', 'exec', container,
+            'mysql', '-u', user, f"--password={password}", '-N', '-e',
+            f"SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = '{db_name}';"
+        ], capture_output=True)
+        tables = result.stdout.decode().split()
+        for tbl in tables:
+            run_command([
+                'docker', 'exec', container,
+                'mysql', '-u', user, f"--password={password}", '-e',
+                f"DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `{db_name}`.`{tbl}`;"
+            ])
+        # Enable foreign key checks
+        run_command([
+            'docker', 'exec', container,
+            'mysql', '-u', user, f"--password={password}", '-e', 'SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=1;'
+        ])
+        print("Existing tables dropped.")
+    print("Importing the dump...")
+    with open(backup_sql, 'rb') as f:
+        run_command([
+            'docker', 'exec', '-i', container,
+            'mariadb', '-u', user, f"--password={password}", db_name
+        ], stdin=f)
+    print("MariaDB recovery complete.")
+
+
+def recover_files(volume_name, backup_files):
+    print(f"Inspecting volume {volume_name}...")
+    inspect = subprocess.run(['docker', 'volume', 'inspect', volume_name], stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+    if inspect.returncode != 0:
+        print(f"Volume {volume_name} does not exist. Creating...")
+        run_command(['docker', 'volume', 'create', volume_name])
+    else:
+        print(f"Volume {volume_name} already exists.")
+
+    if not os.path.isdir(backup_files):
+        print(f"ERROR: Backup files folder '{backup_files}' does not exist.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    print("Recovering files...")
+    run_command([
+        'docker', 'run', '--rm',
+        '-v', f"{volume_name}:/recover/",
+        '-v', f"{backup_files}:/backup/",
+        'kevinveenbirkenbach/alpine-rsync',
+        'sh', '-c', 'rsync -avv --delete /backup/ /recover/'
+    ])
+    print("File recovery complete.")
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description='Recover Docker volumes and database dumps from local backups.'
+    )
+    parser.add_argument('volume_name', help='Name of the Docker volume')
+    parser.add_argument('backup_hash', help='Hashed Machine ID')
+    parser.add_argument('version', help='Version to recover')
+
+    parser.add_argument('--db-type', choices=['postgres', 'mariadb'], help='Type of database backup')
+    parser.add_argument('--db-container', help='Docker container name for the database')
+    parser.add_argument('--db-password', help='Password for the database user')
+    parser.add_argument('--db-name', help='Name of the database')
+    parser.add_argument('--empty', action='store_true', help='Drop existing database objects before importing')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    volume = args.volume_name
+    backup_hash = args.backup_hash
+    version = args.version
+
+    backup_folder = os.path.join('Backups', backup_hash, 'backup-docker-to-local', version, volume)
+    backup_files = os.path.join(os.sep, backup_folder, 'files')
+    backup_sql = None
+    if args.db_name:
+        backup_sql = os.path.join(os.sep, backup_folder, 'sql', f"{args.db_name}.backup.sql")
+
+    # Database recovery
+    if args.db_type:
+        if not (args.db_container and args.db_password and args.db_name):
+            print("ERROR: A database backup exists, aber ein Parameter fehlt.")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        user = args.db_name
+        if args.db_type == 'postgres':
+            recover_postgres(args.db_container, args.db_password, args.db_name, user, backup_sql, empty=args.empty)
+        else:
+            recover_mariadb(args.db_container, args.db_password, args.db_name, user, backup_sql, empty=args.empty)
+        sys.exit(0)
+
+    # File recovery
+    recover_files(volume, backup_files)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

restore_postgres_databases.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Restore multiple PostgreSQL databases from .backup.sql files via a Docker container.
+
+Usage:
+  ./restore_databases.py /path/to/backup_dir container_name
+"""
+import argparse
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import os
+import glob
+
+def run_command(cmd, stdin=None):
+    """
+    Run a subprocess command and abort immediately on any failure.
+    :param cmd: list of command parts
+    :param stdin: file-like object to use as stdin
+    """
+    subprocess.run(cmd, stdin=stdin, check=True)
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Restore Postgres databases from backup SQL files via Docker container."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "backup_dir",
+        help="Path to directory containing .backup.sql files"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "container",
+        help="Name of the Postgres Docker container"
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    backup_dir = args.backup_dir
+    container = args.container
+
+    pattern = os.path.join(backup_dir, "*.backup.sql")
+    sql_files = sorted(glob.glob(pattern))
+    if not sql_files:
+        print(f"No .backup.sql files found in {backup_dir}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    for sqlfile in sql_files:
+        # Extract database name by stripping the full suffix '.backup.sql'
+        filename = os.path.basename(sqlfile)
+        if not filename.endswith('.backup.sql'):
+            continue
+        dbname = filename[:-len('.backup.sql')]
+        print(f"=== Processing {sqlfile} → database: {dbname} ===")
+
+        # Drop the database, forcing disconnect of sessions if necessary
+        run_command([
+            "docker", "exec", "-i", container,
+            "psql", "-U", "postgres", "-c",
+            f"DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS \"{dbname}\" WITH (FORCE);"
+        ])
+
+        # Create a fresh database
+        run_command([
+            "docker", "exec", "-i", container,
+            "psql", "-U", "postgres", "-c",
+            f"CREATE DATABASE \"{dbname}\";"
+        ])
+
+        # Ensure the ownership role exists
+        print(f"Ensuring role '{dbname}' exists...")
+        run_command([
+            "docker", "exec", "-i", container,
+            "psql", "-U", "postgres", "-c",
+            (
+                "DO $$BEGIN "
+                f"IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT FROM pg_roles WHERE rolname = '{dbname}') THEN "
+                f"CREATE ROLE \"{dbname}\"; "
+                "END IF; "
+                "END$$;"
+            )
+        ])
+
+        # Restore the dump into the database by streaming file (will abort on first error)
+        print(f"Restoring dump into {dbname} (this may take a while)…")
+        with open(sqlfile, 'rb') as infile:
+            run_command([
+                "docker", "exec", "-i", container,
+                "psql", "-U", "postgres", "-d", dbname
+            ], stdin=infile)
+
+        print(f"✔ {dbname} restored.")
+
+    print("All databases have been restored.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

tests/unit/test_backup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# tests/unit/test_backup.py
+
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+import importlib.util
+import sys
+import os
+import pathlib
+
+# Prevent actual directory creation in backup script import
+dummy_mkdir = lambda self, *args, **kwargs: None
+original_mkdir = pathlib.Path.mkdir
+pathlib.Path.mkdir = dummy_mkdir
+
+# Create a virtual databases.csv in the project root for the module import
+test_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+project_root = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(test_dir, '../../'))
+sys.path.insert(0, project_root)
+db_csv_path = os.path.join(project_root, 'databases.csv')
+with open(db_csv_path, 'w') as f:
+    f.write('instance;database;username;password\n')
+
+# Dynamically load the hyphenated script as module 'backup'
+script_path = os.path.join(project_root, 'backup-docker-to-local.py')
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('backup', script_path)
+backup = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+sys.modules['backup'] = backup
+spec.loader.exec_module(backup)
+
+# Restore original mkdir
+pathlib.Path.mkdir = original_mkdir
+
+class TestIsImageWhitelisted(unittest.TestCase):
+    @patch('backup.get_image_info')
+    def test_returns_true_when_image_matches(self, mock_get_image_info):
+        # Simulate a container image containing 'mastodon'
+        mock_get_image_info.return_value = ['repo/mastodon:v4']
+        images = ['mastodon', 'wordpress']
+        self.assertTrue(
+            backup.is_image_whitelisted('any_container', images),
+            "Should return True when at least one image substring matches"
+        )
+
+    @patch('backup.get_image_info')
+    def test_returns_false_when_no_image_matches(self, mock_get_image_info):
+        # Simulate a container image without matching substrings
+        mock_get_image_info.return_value = ['repo/nginx:latest']
+        images = ['mastodon', 'wordpress']
+        self.assertFalse(
+            backup.is_image_whitelisted('any_container', images),
+            "Should return False when no image substring matches"
+        )
+
+    @patch('backup.get_image_info')
+    def test_returns_false_with_empty_image_list(self, mock_get_image_info):
+        # Even if get_image_info returns something, an empty list yields False
+        mock_get_image_info.return_value = ['repo/element:1.0']
+        self.assertFalse(
+            backup.is_image_whitelisted('any_container', []),
+            "Should return False when the images list is empty"
+        )
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()