build(lint): gate make test on a clean ruff run

ruff was never wired into this repository: no target, no CI step, no pin.
It reported 45 findings across sources and tests, so nothing enforced
what the codebase already mostly followed.

Adds `make ruff` (check + format --check), `make ruff-fix`, and `make
lint` as its alias, and makes `make test` run lint as a fourth parallel
spur. The CI workflow calls `make test`, so it is covered there too. The
linter is pinned in a `lint` extra: a ruff minor bump changes which rules
fire, and with the suite gating on a clean run an unpinned linter would
fail it on an unrelated day.

The 45 findings are fixed rather than configured away. Three needed a
decision instead of the mechanical fix:

- The generation timestamp keeps its local wall clock (DTZ005 waived).
  Generations sort by that name, and UTC would order new ones before the
  existing ones wherever the offset is positive - "newest generation" is
  what every restore path selects on.
- The per-volume `copy` closure now binds volume_name and vol_dir as
  default arguments (B023). It only worked because it is called inside
  the same iteration.
- The two CLI top-level handlers keep their blind except (BLE001
  waived): turning any failure into exit 1 is what a CLI boundary is
  for. The two in run.py did not need it and were narrowed to what they
  actually catch.

Also drops the comments that restate the code: the section banners in
restore/__main__.py, the filename repeated as line 1 of nine test files,
step narration above the statement it narrates, and a block in app.py
documenting parameters that had moved to another module. What names a
trip-wire stays - the snapshot destination rule, the mysql-binary
absence in MariaDB 11 images, the session-scoped FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, the
spooled temp file for multi-GB dumps, and the negative control that
loses its discriminating power if it ever passes.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
2026-08-17 04:35:50 +02:00
parent a0204fd3ea
commit 2129c5e362
41 changed files with 199 additions and 218 deletions

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@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
"""Shared e2e helpers, re-exported so tests import one name."""
from .fixtures import * # noqa: F401,F403
from .process import * # noqa: F401,F403
from .fixtures import *
from .process import *

View File

@@ -97,8 +97,7 @@ def write_databases_csv(path: str, rows: list[tuple[str, str, str, str]]) -> Non
Path(path).parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write("instance;database;username;password\n")
for inst, db, user, pw in rows:
f.write(f"{inst};{db};{user};{pw}\n")
f.writelines(f"{inst};{db};{user};{pw}\n" for inst, db, user, pw in rows)
def cleanup_docker(*, containers: list[str], volumes: list[str]) -> None:

View File

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ import sys
sys.path.insert(0, "/src")
from baudolo.backup.snapshot import SnapshotError, volume_snapshot # noqa: E402
from baudolo.backup.volume import backup_volume # noqa: E402
from baudolo.backup.snapshot import SnapshotError, volume_snapshot
from baudolo.backup.volume import backup_volume
SUBJECT = "/subject/docker"
VOLUME = "mariadb_data"
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ GENERATION = f"{VERSIONS}/20260731"
def shell(command: str) -> list[str]:
proc = subprocess.run(command, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True)
proc = subprocess.run(
command, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True, check=False
)
if proc.returncode != 0:
raise SnapshotError(
f"{command} exited {proc.returncode}: {proc.stderr.strip()}"

View File

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
sys.path.insert(0, "/src")
from baudolo.backup.snapshot import SnapshotError, volume_snapshot # noqa: E402
from baudolo.backup.snapshot import SnapshotError, volume_snapshot
KIND = sys.argv[1]
SUBJECT = sys.argv[2]
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ EXPECT = sys.argv[3]
def shell(command: str) -> list[str]:
proc = subprocess.run(command, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True)
proc = subprocess.run(
command, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True, check=False
)
if proc.returncode != 0:
raise SnapshotError(
f"{command} exited {proc.returncode}: {proc.stderr.strip()}"

View File

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
# tests/e2e/test_e2e_dump_only_fallback_to_files.py
import unittest
from .helpers import (
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
POSTGRES_DATA_DIR,
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
backup_path,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,
@@ -12,8 +11,8 @@ from .helpers import (
require_docker,
run,
unique,
write_databases_csv,
wait_for_postgres,
write_databases_csv,
)
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@ class TestE2EDumpOnlyFallbackToFiles(unittest.TestCase):
run(["docker", "volume", "create", cls.pg_volume])
# Start Postgres (creates a real DB volume)
run(
[
"docker",

View File

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
import unittest
from .helpers import (
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
POSTGRES_DATA_DIR,
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
backup_path,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ class TestE2EDumpOnlySqlMixedRun(unittest.TestCase):
cls.containers: list[str] = []
cls.volumes = [cls.db_volume, cls.files_volume]
# Create volumes
run(["docker", "volume", "create", cls.db_volume])
run(["docker", "volume", "create", cls.files_volume])
@@ -114,7 +113,6 @@ class TestE2EDumpOnlySqlMixedRun(unittest.TestCase):
[(cls.pg_container, cls.pg_db, cls.pg_user, cls.pg_password)],
)
# Run baudolo with dump-only-sql
cmd = [
"baudolo",
"--compose-dir",

View File

@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
import unittest
from .helpers import (
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
POSTGRES_DATA_DIR,
backup_run,
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
backup_path,
backup_run,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,
ensure_empty_dir,
latest_version_dir,
require_docker,
unique,
write_databases_csv,
run,
unique,
wait_for_postgres,
write_databases_csv,
)
REGISTRY_HOST = "svc-db-mariadb-swarm-mgr-01:5000"

View File

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
import unittest
from .helpers import (
backup_run,
backup_path,
backup_run,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,
ensure_empty_dir,
latest_version_dir,
require_docker,
run,
unique,
write_databases_csv,
run,
)
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ class TestE2EFilesFull(unittest.TestCase):
cls.containers = []
cls.volumes = [cls.volume_src, cls.volume_dst]
# create source volume with a file
run(["docker", "volume", "create", cls.volume_src])
run(
[
@@ -50,7 +49,6 @@ class TestE2EFilesFull(unittest.TestCase):
cls.databases_csv = f"/tmp/{cls.prefix}/databases.csv"
write_databases_csv(cls.databases_csv, [])
# Run backup (files should be copied)
backup_run(
backups_dir=cls.backups_dir,
repo_name=cls.repo_name,
@@ -97,7 +95,6 @@ class TestE2EFilesFull(unittest.TestCase):
]
)
# verify restored file exists in dst volume
p = run(
[
"docker",

View File

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
import unittest
from .helpers import (
backup_run,
backup_path,
backup_run,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,
ensure_empty_dir,
latest_version_dir,
require_docker,
run,
unique,
write_databases_csv,
run,
)
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ class TestE2EFilesNoCopy(unittest.TestCase):
cls.containers: list[str] = []
cls.volumes = [cls.volume_src]
# Create source volume and write a marker file
run(["docker", "volume", "create", cls.volume_src])
run(
[

View File

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
# tests/e2e/test_e2e_images_no_backup_required_early_skip.py
import unittest
from .helpers import (
@@ -34,11 +33,9 @@ class TestE2EImagesNoBackupRequiredEarlySkip(unittest.TestCase):
cls.containers = [cls.redis_container]
cls.volumes = [cls.ignored_volume, cls.normal_volume]
# Create volumes
run(["docker", "volume", "create", cls.ignored_volume])
run(["docker", "volume", "create", cls.normal_volume])
# Start redis container using the ignored volume
run(
[
"docker",
@@ -71,7 +68,6 @@ class TestE2EImagesNoBackupRequiredEarlySkip(unittest.TestCase):
cls.databases_csv = f"/tmp/{cls.prefix}/databases.csv"
write_databases_csv(cls.databases_csv, [])
# Run baudolo with images-no-backup-required redis
cmd = [
"baudolo",
"--compose-dir",

View File

@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ import pandas
from baudolo.backup import db as db_mod
from .helpers import (
MARIADB_IMAGE,
MARIADB_DATA_DIR,
MARIADB_IMAGE,
cleanup_docker,
require_docker,
run,

View File

@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
# tests/e2e/test_e2e_mariadb_full.py
import unittest
from .helpers import (
MARIADB_IMAGE,
MARIADB_DATA_DIR,
backup_run,
MARIADB_IMAGE,
backup_path,
backup_run,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,
ensure_empty_dir,
latest_version_dir,
require_docker,
unique,
write_databases_csv,
run,
unique,
wait_for_mariadb,
wait_for_mariadb_sql,
write_databases_csv,
)
@@ -71,7 +70,6 @@ class TestE2EMariaDBFull(unittest.TestCase):
cls.db_container, user=cls.db_user, password=cls.db_password, timeout_s=90
)
# Create table + data via the dedicated user (TCP)
run(
[
"docker",
@@ -79,9 +77,11 @@ class TestE2EMariaDBFull(unittest.TestCase):
cls.db_container,
"sh",
"-lc",
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{cls.db_user} -p{cls.db_password} "
f'-e "CREATE TABLE {cls.db_name}.t (id INT PRIMARY KEY, v VARCHAR(50)); '
f"INSERT INTO {cls.db_name}.t VALUES (1,'ok');\"",
(
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{cls.db_user} -p{cls.db_password} "
f'-e "CREATE TABLE {cls.db_name}.t (id INT PRIMARY KEY, v VARCHAR(50)); '
f"INSERT INTO {cls.db_name}.t VALUES (1,'ok');\""
),
]
)
@@ -112,8 +112,10 @@ class TestE2EMariaDBFull(unittest.TestCase):
cls.db_container,
"sh",
"-lc",
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{cls.db_user} -p{cls.db_password} "
f'-e "DROP TABLE {cls.db_name}.t;"',
(
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{cls.db_user} -p{cls.db_password} "
f'-e "DROP TABLE {cls.db_name}.t;"'
),
]
)
@@ -161,8 +163,10 @@ class TestE2EMariaDBFull(unittest.TestCase):
self.db_container,
"sh",
"-lc",
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{self.db_user} -p{self.db_password} "
f'-N -e "SELECT v FROM {self.db_name}.t WHERE id=1;"',
(
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{self.db_user} -p{self.db_password} "
f'-N -e "SELECT v FROM {self.db_name}.t WHERE id=1;"'
),
]
)
self.assertEqual((p.stdout or "").strip(), "ok")

View File

@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
# tests/e2e/test_e2e_mariadb_no_copy.py
import unittest
from .helpers import (
MARIADB_IMAGE,
MARIADB_DATA_DIR,
backup_run,
MARIADB_IMAGE,
backup_path,
backup_run,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,
ensure_empty_dir,
latest_version_dir,
require_docker,
unique,
write_databases_csv,
run,
unique,
wait_for_mariadb,
wait_for_mariadb_sql,
write_databases_csv,
)
@@ -69,7 +68,6 @@ class TestE2EMariaDBNoCopy(unittest.TestCase):
cls.db_container, user=cls.db_user, password=cls.db_password, timeout_s=90
)
# Create table + data (TCP)
run(
[
"docker",
@@ -77,9 +75,11 @@ class TestE2EMariaDBNoCopy(unittest.TestCase):
cls.db_container,
"sh",
"-lc",
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{cls.db_user} -p{cls.db_password} "
f'-e "CREATE TABLE {cls.db_name}.t (id INT PRIMARY KEY, v VARCHAR(50)); '
f"INSERT INTO {cls.db_name}.t VALUES (1,'ok');\"",
(
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{cls.db_user} -p{cls.db_password} "
f'-e "CREATE TABLE {cls.db_name}.t (id INT PRIMARY KEY, v VARCHAR(50)); '
f"INSERT INTO {cls.db_name}.t VALUES (1,'ok');\""
),
]
)
@@ -110,8 +110,10 @@ class TestE2EMariaDBNoCopy(unittest.TestCase):
cls.db_container,
"sh",
"-lc",
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{cls.db_user} -p{cls.db_password} "
f'-e "DROP TABLE {cls.db_name}.t;"',
(
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{cls.db_user} -p{cls.db_password} "
f'-e "DROP TABLE {cls.db_name}.t;"'
),
]
)
@@ -158,8 +160,10 @@ class TestE2EMariaDBNoCopy(unittest.TestCase):
self.db_container,
"sh",
"-lc",
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{self.db_user} -p{self.db_password} "
f'-N -e "SELECT v FROM {self.db_name}.t WHERE id=1;"',
(
f"mariadb -h 127.0.0.1 -u{self.db_user} -p{self.db_password} "
f'-N -e "SELECT v FROM {self.db_name}.t WHERE id=1;"'
),
]
)
self.assertEqual((p.stdout or "").strip(), "ok")

View File

@@ -16,15 +16,8 @@ from .helpers import (
write_databases_csv,
)
# A `database = '*'` row makes the backup side write one pg_dumpall stream for
# the whole instance instead of a dump per database - the shape an application
# with several databases in one engine produces. This proves the stream is
# replayable: two databases and their owning role are dropped outright, and the
# cluster restore has to bring all three back. Before the cluster subcommand
# existed the dump was stored and unreadable.
# Each statement runs on its own: psql wraps a multi-statement -c in one
# transaction, and CREATE DATABASE is forbidden inside one - the same rule that
# keeps the cluster replay out of --single-transaction.
# One statement per entry: psql wraps a multi-statement -c in a transaction,
# and CREATE DATABASE is forbidden inside one.
SEED_SQL = (
"CREATE ROLE app LOGIN PASSWORD 'apppw'",
"CREATE DATABASE first OWNER app",
@@ -96,7 +89,6 @@ class TestE2EPostgresClusterRestore(unittest.TestCase):
/ f"{cls.pg_container}.cluster.backup.sql"
)
# The disaster: both databases and the role that owns them are gone.
for statement in DROP_SQL:
cls._psql("postgres", statement)
@@ -156,9 +148,6 @@ class TestE2EPostgresClusterRestore(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertEqual(self._psql("second", "SELECT v FROM t"), "second-payload")
def test_the_superusers_own_create_was_filtered(self) -> None:
# The dump recreates every role including the one the replay connects
# as; only its ALTER may survive, or the stream dies on the first
# statement with ON_ERROR_STOP.
self.assertEqual(
self._psql(
"postgres", "SELECT rolsuper FROM pg_roles WHERE rolname = 'postgres'"

View File

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
# tests/e2e/test_e2e_postgres_empty_drop_hard.py
import unittest
from .helpers import (
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
POSTGRES_DATA_DIR,
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
backup_run,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,

View File

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
# tests/e2e/test_e2e_postgres_full.py
import unittest
from .helpers import (
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
POSTGRES_DATA_DIR,
backup_run,
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
backup_path,
backup_run,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,
ensure_empty_dir,
latest_version_dir,
require_docker,
unique,
write_databases_csv,
run,
unique,
wait_for_postgres,
write_databases_csv,
)
@@ -55,7 +54,6 @@ class TestE2EPostgresFull(unittest.TestCase):
)
wait_for_postgres(cls.pg_container, user="postgres", timeout_s=90)
# Create a table + data
run(
[
"docker",

View File

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
# tests/e2e/test_e2e_postgres_no_copy.py
import unittest
from .helpers import (
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
POSTGRES_DATA_DIR,
backup_run,
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
backup_path,
backup_run,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,
ensure_empty_dir,
latest_version_dir,
require_docker,
unique,
write_databases_csv,
run,
unique,
wait_for_postgres,
write_databases_csv,
)

View File

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
# tests/e2e/test_e2e_postgres_single_transaction_live_writer.py
import unittest
from .helpers import (
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
POSTGRES_DATA_DIR,
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
backup_run,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,

View File

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
import unittest
from .helpers import (
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
POSTGRES_DATA_DIR,
POSTGRES_IMAGE,
backup_path,
cleanup_docker,
create_minimal_compose_dir,

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
# tests/e2e/test_e2e_swarm_task_skip.py
#
# Reproduces the swarm flake fixed on this branch: baudolo used to stop a
# swarm task container around the volume file backup because its image was
# not whitelisted; the orchestrator immediately replaced the stopped task and

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import pandas as pd
# Adjust if your package name/import path differs.
from baudolo.backup.dumps import load_databases_df
EXPECTED_COLUMNS = ["instance", "database", "username", "password"]
@@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ class TestLoadDatabasesDf(unittest.TestCase):
def test_empty_csv_is_handled_with_warning_and_empty_df(self) -> None:
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
empty_path = os.path.join(td, "databases.csv")
# Create an empty file (0 bytes)
with open(empty_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write("")

View File

@@ -69,14 +69,18 @@ class TestSnapshotFlags(unittest.TestCase):
class TestRequiredFlags(unittest.TestCase):
def test_backups_dir_is_required(self) -> None:
with mock.patch("sys.argv", ["baudolo", "--compose-dir", "/compose"]):
with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
parse_args()
with (
mock.patch("sys.argv", ["baudolo", "--compose-dir", "/compose"]),
self.assertRaises(SystemExit),
):
parse_args()
def test_compose_dir_is_required(self) -> None:
with mock.patch("sys.argv", ["baudolo", "--backups-dir", "/backups"]):
with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
parse_args()
with (
mock.patch("sys.argv", ["baudolo", "--backups-dir", "/backups"]),
self.assertRaises(SystemExit),
):
parse_args()
if __name__ == "__main__":

View File

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
import tempfile
import unittest
from pathlib import Path
from typing import List
from unittest.mock import patch
from .compose_fixture import setup_compose_dir as _setup_compose_dir
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ class TestCompose(unittest.TestCase):
str(d), ["up", "-d", "--force-recreate"]
)
expected: List[str] = [
expected: list[str] = [
"/usr/bin/docker",
"compose",
"--chdir",

View File

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
from __future__ import annotations
import unittest
from typing import List
from unittest.mock import patch
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ class HardRestartArgTests(unittest.TestCase):
the dir is a stack whose overlay network collides with compose up, pass
nothing."""
def _parse(self, extra: List[str]):
def _parse(self, extra: list[str]):
import sys
from baudolo.backup import cli

View File

@@ -20,15 +20,17 @@ def _capture_commands(*, db_type, rows, container):
captured.append(cmd)
return []
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
with patch.object(db_mod, "execute_shell_command", side_effect=_capture):
db_mod.backup_database(
container=container,
volume_dir=td,
db_type=db_type,
databases_df=_df(rows),
database_containers=[container],
)
with (
tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td,
patch.object(db_mod, "execute_shell_command", side_effect=_capture),
):
db_mod.backup_database(
container=container,
volume_dir=td,
db_type=db_type,
databases_df=_df(rows),
database_containers=[container],
)
return captured

View File

@@ -61,9 +61,11 @@ class TestBtrfs(unittest.TestCase):
def test_it_removes_the_snapshot_even_when_the_body_raises(self) -> None:
run = Runner()
with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
with volume_snapshot("btrfs", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=run):
raise ZeroDivisionError
with (
self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError),
volume_snapshot("btrfs", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=run),
):
raise ZeroDivisionError
self.assertTrue(run.calls[-1].startswith("btrfs subvolume delete"))
@@ -93,26 +95,30 @@ class TestZfs(unittest.TestCase):
def test_an_unmounted_dataset_is_an_error(self) -> None:
run = Runner({"zfs list": [""]})
with self.assertRaises(SnapshotError):
with volume_snapshot("zfs", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=run):
pass
with (
self.assertRaises(SnapshotError),
volume_snapshot("zfs", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=run),
):
pass
class TestRejections(unittest.TestCase):
def test_an_unknown_kind_is_rejected(self) -> None:
run = Runner()
with self.assertRaises(SnapshotError):
with volume_snapshot("ext4", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=run):
pass
with (
self.assertRaises(SnapshotError),
volume_snapshot("ext4", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=run),
):
pass
self.assertEqual(run.calls, [])
def test_a_path_outside_the_subject_is_rejected(self) -> None:
run = Runner()
with volume_snapshot(
"btrfs", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=run
) as resolve:
with self.assertRaises(SnapshotError):
resolve("/etc/passwd")
with (
volume_snapshot("btrfs", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=run) as resolve,
self.assertRaises(SnapshotError),
):
resolve("/etc/passwd")
def test_the_subject_itself_resolves_to_the_snapshot_root(self) -> None:
run = Runner()
@@ -137,9 +143,11 @@ class TestRemovalFailure(unittest.TestCase):
pass
def test_a_failed_removal_does_not_mask_the_body(self) -> None:
with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
with volume_snapshot("btrfs", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=Busy()):
raise ZeroDivisionError
with (
self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError),
volume_snapshot("btrfs", "/var/lib/docker", "20260731", run=Busy()),
):
raise ZeroDivisionError
if __name__ == "__main__":

View File

@@ -65,10 +65,7 @@ class TestClusterReplay(unittest.TestCase):
self.assertIn("rolname <> current_user", preclean)
def test_only_the_connecting_role_loses_its_create(self) -> None:
# Captured from pg_dumpall 17: the bootstrap superuser is recreated like
# any other role, and the pre-clean cannot drop the one holding the
# session - so that single CREATE always collides while its ALTER, which
# carries the attributes and the password, must survive.
# Captured from pg_dumpall 17.
dump = [
b"CREATE ROLE app;\n",
b"ALTER ROLE app WITH NOSUPERUSER INHERIT LOGIN PASSWORD 'SCRAM-SHA-256$...';\n",

View File

@@ -131,7 +131,6 @@ class TestSeedMain(unittest.TestCase):
warning_calls,
"Expected a WARNING print when databases.csv is empty, but none was found.",
)
# Ensure the warning goes to stderr
_, warn_kwargs = warning_calls[0]
self.assertEqual(warn_kwargs.get("file"), seed_main.sys.stderr)