diff --git a/src/automtu/docker.py b/src/automtu/docker.py
index 3930361..60ccaac 100644
--- a/src/automtu/docker.py
+++ b/src/automtu/docker.py
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
-from typing import Optional
 
 from .net import iface_exists, list_ifaces
 
-
 _BRIDGE_RE = re.compile(r"^br-[0-9a-f]+$", re.IGNORECASE)
 
 
-def _split_items(items: Optional[list[str]]) -> list[str]:
+def _split_items(items: list[str] | None) -> list[str]:
     raw: list[str] = []
     for item in items or []:
         raw.extend([x.strip() for x in item.split(",") if x.strip()])
@@ -18,7 +16,7 @@ def _split_items(items: Optional[list[str]]) -> list[str]:
 
 
 def detect_docker_ifaces(
-    docker_if_args: Optional[list[str]], *, include_user_bridges: bool
+    docker_if_args: list[str] | None, *, include_user_bridges: bool
 ) -> list[str]:
     """
     Determine Docker-related interfaces to apply MTU to.
diff --git a/src/automtu/output.py b/src/automtu/output.py
index 9a1c5e3..b43e176 100644
--- a/src/automtu/output.py
+++ b/src/automtu/output.py
@@ -4,19 +4,18 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import json
 import sys
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Optional
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class OutputMode:
-    print_mtu: Optional[str]  # "egress" | "effective" | "wg" | None
+    print_mtu: str | None  # "egress" | "effective" | "wg" | None
     print_json: bool
 
     @property
     def machine(self) -> bool:
         return bool(self.print_mtu or self.print_json)
 
-    def validate(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def validate(self) -> str | None:
         if self.print_mtu and self.print_json:
             return "--print-mtu and --print-json are mutually exclusive."
         return None
@@ -67,24 +66,24 @@ def emit_json(
     egress_iface: str,
     base_mtu: int,
     effective_mtu: int,
-    egress_forced_mtu: Optional[int],
+    egress_forced_mtu: int | None,
     egress_applied: bool,
     pmtu_targets: list[str],
     pmtu_auto_targets_added: list[str],
     pmtu_policy: str,
-    pmtu_chosen: Optional[int],
-    pmtu_results: dict[str, Optional[int]],
+    pmtu_chosen: int | None,
+    pmtu_results: dict[str, int | None],
     wg_iface: str,
     wg_mtu: int,
     wg_overhead: int,
     wg_min: int,
-    wg_set_mtu: Optional[int],
+    wg_set_mtu: int | None,
     wg_clamped: bool,
     wg_present: bool,
     wg_active: bool,
     wg_applied: bool,
-    docker_ifaces: Optional[list[str]] = None,
-    docker_applied: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    docker_ifaces: list[str] | None = None,
+    docker_applied: list[str] | None = None,
     dry_run: bool,
 ) -> bool:
     """
diff --git a/src/automtu/persist.py b/src/automtu/persist.py
index 1dc631f..0bb665b 100644
--- a/src/automtu/persist.py
+++ b/src/automtu/persist.py
@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@ import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List
-
 
 _SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH = Path("/etc/systemd/system/automtu.service")
 _DOCKER_SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH = Path("/etc/systemd/system/automtu-docker.service")
 
 
-def _strip_persist_args(argv: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+def _strip_persist_args(argv: list[str]) -> list[str]:
     """
     Remove persistence-only arguments from argv:
     - --persist systemd|docker
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ def _resolve_exec(argv0: str) -> str:
     return argv0
 
 
-def _needs_docker_ordering(filtered_argv: List[str]) -> bool:
+def _needs_docker_ordering(filtered_argv: list[str]) -> bool:
     """
     Heuristic: If we apply docker MTU (directly or via --apply-all), order after docker.service.
     """
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ def _uninstall_unit(unit_path: Path, *, dry: bool) -> None:
     print(f"[automtu] Uninstalled systemd service: {unit_path.name}")
 
 
-def persist_systemd(argv: List[str], *, dry: bool) -> None:
+def persist_systemd(argv: list[str], *, dry: bool) -> None:
     """
     Install a systemd oneshot service that re-runs automtu with the same arguments.
     Adds docker ordering automatically if docker MTU is applied.
@@ -142,7 +140,7 @@ def uninstall_systemd(*, dry: bool) -> None:
     _uninstall_unit(_SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH, dry=dry)
 
 
-def persist_docker(argv: List[str], *, dry: bool) -> None:
+def persist_docker(argv: list[str], *, dry: bool) -> None:
     """
     Docker-focused persistence backend:
     always orders after docker.service (even if args don't include docker flags),
diff --git a/src/automtu/pmtu.py b/src/automtu/pmtu.py
index 6a365cc..fd85e21 100644
--- a/src/automtu/pmtu.py
+++ b/src/automtu/pmtu.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import ipaddress
 import subprocess
-from typing import Optional
 
 
 def _is_ipv6(target: str) -> bool:
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ def _is_ipv6(target: str) -> bool:
 
 def _rc(cmd: list[str]) -> int:
     return subprocess.run(
-        cmd, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL
+        cmd, check=False, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL
     ).returncode
 
 
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ def _ping_ok(payload: int, target: str, timeout_s: float) -> bool:
         "-s",
         str(payload),
         "-W",
-        str(max(1, int(round(timeout_s)))),
+        str(max(1, round(timeout_s))),
     ]
     if _is_ipv6(target):
         cmd.insert(1, "-6")
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ def _ping_ok(payload: int, target: str, timeout_s: float) -> bool:
 
 def probe_pmtu(
     target: str, lo_payload: int = 1200, hi_payload: int = 1472, timeout: float = 1.0
-) -> Optional[int]:
+) -> int | None:
     hdr = 48 if _is_ipv6(target) else 28
 
     if not _ping_ok(lo_payload, target, timeout):
diff --git a/src/automtu/wg.py b/src/automtu/wg.py
index 61f8374..4a8855e 100644
--- a/src/automtu/wg.py
+++ b/src/automtu/wg.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
 import subprocess
-from typing import List
 
 from .net import iface_exists
 
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ def _run(cmd: list[str]) -> str:
 
 def _rc(cmd: list[str]) -> int:
     return subprocess.run(
-        cmd, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL
+        cmd, check=False, stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL
     ).returncode
 
 
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ def wg_is_active(wg_if: str) -> bool:
     return iface_exists(wg_if) and _rc(["wg", "show", wg_if]) == 0
 
 
-def wg_peer_endpoints(wg_if: str) -> List[str]:
+def wg_peer_endpoints(wg_if: str) -> list[str]:
     targets: list[str] = []
 
     out = _run(["wg", "show", wg_if, "endpoints"])
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_docker.py b/tests/unit/test_docker.py
index b76665b..fe1ab66 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_docker.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_docker.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
-import automtu.docker as docker
+from automtu import docker
 
 
 class TestDocker(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_output.py b/tests/unit/test_output.py
index 7527ba7..ebc341d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_output.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_output.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import io
 import json
 import unittest
-from contextlib import redirect_stdout, redirect_stderr
+from contextlib import redirect_stderr, redirect_stdout
 
-from automtu.output import OutputMode, emit_json, emit_single_number, Logger
+from automtu.output import Logger, OutputMode, emit_json, emit_single_number
 
 
 class TestOutput(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_persist.py b/tests/unit/test_persist.py
index b3282ce..3c09e8a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_persist.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_persist.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from contextlib import redirect_stdout
 from pathlib import Path
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
-import automtu.persist as persist
+from automtu import persist
 
 
 class TestPersist(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_pmtu.py b/tests/unit/test_pmtu.py
index ddafc05..cf847eb 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_pmtu.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_pmtu.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
-import automtu.pmtu as pmtu
+from automtu import pmtu
 
 
 class TestPmtu(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_wg.py b/tests/unit/test_wg.py
index d858bf5..ddb4112 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_wg.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_wg.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
-import automtu.wg as wg
+from automtu import wg
 
 
 class TestWg(unittest.TestCase):